Case Study 2 Essay - 610 Words

Case Study 2 1. If you had been McLaughlin or Decker, what research would you want done? I would want research done on: How to handle catastrophic disasters in the first 7 days, such as September 11 or Hurricane Katrina. This will help alleviate a great deal of frustration among Americans, who felt helpless to respond productively they felt during these tragedies. 2. Create the management-research question hierarchy for the research you think might help the Red Cross make decisions related to public relations efforts and future advertising soliciting donations. 1. Management Questions - How can we produce the proper Ad campaign for donors by adhering to Red Cross Policies? - How can we increase the initial response efforts†¦show more content†¦The Red Cross should consider the basic idea of sampling because it is that by selecting some of the elements in a population, they may draw conclusions about the entire population. By using a population element gives the individual participant or object on which the measurement is taken. The Red Cross should also keep in mind that there are several persuasive reasons for sampling, such as: lower cost, greater accuracy of results, and greater speed of data collection and availability of population elements (Copper amp; Schindler, p. 364, 2011). 5. If a survey is used, what scales would be most appropriate? I believe the Measurement Scale would be appropriate because, selecting and constructing a measurement scale requires the consideration of several factors that influence the reliability, validity, and practicality of the scale. Some examples are listed below: Research objectives – To measure characteristics of the participants who participate in the study and to use participants as judges of the objects or indicants presented to them. Response types – Rating, ranking, categorization, and sorting. Data properties – Ordinal data show relationships of more than and less than but have no distance or unique origin. Number of dimensions – Measurement scales is either uni-dimensional or multi-dimensional. With a uni-dimensional scale can measure only one attribute of the participant or object. TheShow MoreRelatedCase Study 2 : Scotland6372 Words   |  26 Pages NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS CURRICULUM SUPPORT Business Management Extended Case Studies (Set 2) [INTERMEDIATE 2] [pic] The Scottish Qualifications Authority regularly reviews the arrangements for National Qualifications. Users of all NQ support materials, whether published by LT Scotland or others, are reminded that it is their responsibility to check that the support materials correspond to the requirements of the current arrangements. Read MoreBusiness Law Assignment 2 Case Study Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Law Assignment 2 Case Study Analysis Question (a) This case study of John and Dan manifests some legal issues which need a close analysis. The first legal aspect identifiable from this case is incorporating terms by a means of appending a signature on those terms. Secondly, the element of letting the buyer be aware is manifesting itself in this case through incorporation of notice in the terms of a contract. Additionally, any jury involved in this case may be interested in looking to theRead MoreUnit 2 Project Case Study Essay666 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study Sergeant Robert Christopher Michael Woodruff Kaplan University CJ345 Supervisory Practices in Criminal Justice Professor Greg Ariza March 12, 2013 Case Study Sergeant Robert Christopher This report will be about a case study about Robert Christopher. He is a new supervisor on the night shift. He is having problems with the officer motivation and communication. This report will include information on how he can help to improve the officer’s motivation and the communication betweenRead MoreAssessment 2 Case Study Notes Essay2166 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Assessment 2 Case Study SOC 10007 Understanding the modern world Globalisation and Rationalisation Introduction The era of modernity, began and flourished in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. In every language, the meaning of ‘modern’ would mean up to date or contemporary. In sociology, it was referred to as the ‘Great transformation’, a term which reflects the enormous magnitude of change that took place (Polanyi, 1973). The main features of modernityRead MoreCase Study 21038 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study 2 Jasmine Howard Liberty University Case Study 2 Part I Kaiser Manufacturing Company has been in business for over 50 years using the standard method staffing. Hiring its own employees, training, managing and all human resources issues were all handled in house. The option is now arising to use an employment agency, FSS, to relieve the burden from Kaiser Manufacturing Company. It is important to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of this option before changing the entire businessRead MoreCase Study 21159 Words   |  5 PagesCASE STUDY 2 COMMUNITY GENERAL HOSPITAL I. INTRODUCTION Community General Hospital started in 1914 as Whittaker Memorial Hospital. A man by the name of Dr. Noland Wright was appointed as a manager at that time to review the hospital’s financial records. It turns out that Dr. Wright was trained only in the medical field not business. Unfortunately, he was the main cause for poor financial management at Community General Hospital.   By 1970, the hospital had suffered in major losses and debtsRead MoreCase Study 21267 Words   |  6 PagesCase  Study  2   Adapting  Store  Size  to  the  Type  of  Location   Submitted  By  :  Marie  Jo  Aguzar      87/100   Under  what  conditions  should  a  large  box  store  retailer  like  a  Best  Buy  Pursue  a   small ­store  strategy?         As  U.S.  chain  retailers  absorb  the  lessons  of  the  great  recession,  many  big ­box  chains   have  started  to  shrink  average  store  footprints  to  reflect  the  growing  importance  of   multi ­channel  shopping,  adapt  to  urban  settings  and  recognize  the  need  to  optimize   investment.  I  suspect  you  got  thRead MoreCase Study 21203 Words   |  5 PagesFLOW FROM FINANCING Decrease in long-term debt (12.9) Net cash flow from financing ($12.9) Net increase (decrease) in cash ($10.0) Beginning cash 37.2 Ending cash (calculated) $27.2 Actual ending cash (Check figure) $27.2 2. Use the Du Pont equation to obtain a rough feel for Commonwealth’s financial condition as compared to national averages. What are your conclusions? Du Pont Analyses: 2012 2013 Ind. Avg. Total margin 3.67% 5.73% 2.90%Read MoreCASE STUDY 2 Essay725 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Case Study #2 According to the text, the DIY Store is a nationwide chain that offers everything from home repair to general maintenance equipment for do-it-yourself projects. In addition to the wide variety of goods they sell, the DIY Company has been very successful due to the customer service they provide by hiring experienced employers and strategically placing them into departments that complement their knowledge and skills. Despite the success that DIY has seen since they entered the marketRead MoreCase Study 2 Hollywood1665 Words   |  7 PagesShahrokh Dalpour November 2 2014 Case Study-Hollywood Influence on Global Culture 1. Most aspects of foreign culture, like language, religion, gender roles, and problem-solving strategies, are hard for the casual observer to understand. In what ways do Hollywood movies affect national culture outside the United States? What aspects of U.S. culture do Hollywood films promote around the world? Can you observe any positive effects of Hollywood movies on world cultures? 2. Culture plays a key role

Best Place To Live Free Essays

Where is the best place to grow up and why? We can easily become biased and unwaveringly think the U. S. , but what do we really know about different countries and their cultures, or how they affect us developmentally? There are many factors to take into consideration such as life expectancy, standard of living, and education. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Place To Live or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is why Sweden is ranked number one on the Children’s Index ranking, making the country the best place to grow up! Children in Sweden are among the few in the world who are safe from abuse as they are well protected by the law from slapping, smacking, pinching, hair-pulling, whipping, or any form of abuse. It is considered a criminal offense to beat a child. By comparison, in the United States alone, by the time a child is 2 years old, nine in ten parents have engaged in some sort of abuse and more than half of parents have slapped or spanked their children and one-third of parents have pushed, grabbed or shoved their children (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). These forms of abuse have a great impact on children as abused children show a high incidence of personal and social problems, low performance levels in school and low self-esteem. Typically, abused children are less attached to their parents, less intimate with friends, tend to withdraw and have the tendencies to become more aggressive and angry (Moylan et al. , 2010). Later on, they are at a greater risk for delinquency, risky sexual behavior and substance abuse (Sousa et al. , 2011). Swedish law ensures that children are protected and their rights are defended. These laws help to minimize and decrease the number of abused children, protecting them not only physically, but mentally and developmentally. Sweden uses some of its tax money to make sure children are looked after properly. As with most families, both parents work and children are in day care. In Sweden, day care is free and each set of parents receive 480 days of paid parental leave per child to stay home with their children until the age of 8! This offers a two- fold advantage for both parents and children. Studies have reported several positive aspects of day care. Some studies show that children in day care are more social, tend to share their toys, display self-confidence and are more outgoing. Results also conclude that children in day care score higher in cognitive skills than those who are at home.(Belsky et al. ,2007). There are some limitations within these case studies but the fact remains that many families need to place their children in day care which can be very costly. Providing paid parental leave also gives parents the opportunity to stay home with their children to continue the emotional bond while establishing secure attachment. Most parental leave is taken by mothers, but fathers are spending an increasing amount of time at home with their children. The more sensitive the father is to the child, the stronger the attachment. (Lucassen et al. , 2011). From preschool onwards, children are encouraged to think independently and the Swedish tradition of preschool emphasizes the importance of play in a child’s development and learning. At preschool the emphasis is on play. In many countries, including the US and the UK, there is a drive towards setting goals and assessing the progress of preschoolers but the Swedish system focuses more on basic values such as playing together and consideration for others. Play helps children develop motor skills and coordination. It also contributes to social development as children learn to share, take turns, and begin to engage in creative play. Piaget identified different kinds of play, characterized by cognitive complexity to include functional play, symbolic play, constructive play, and formal games (Rathus, 162). The preschool in Sweden not only holds to play in education but also to fantasy and creativity. The quality of pretend play is connected with preschoolers’ academic performance later on, and their social skills (Russ, 2006 Stagnitti st al. , 2000). Exercise is vital to a child’s development and reduces the risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes. Physically active children have a better self- esteem and coping mechanisms yet most children in the U. S. are not physically fit. Keeping fit and enjoying the great outdoors are very much part of Swedish culture and schools shut for a week’s â€Å"sports vacation† in February each year, when many families head north to ski as children play outside at every opportunity, even in the depths of winter. Children being protect, enjoying good health, free education, and an active social life contribute to Sweden finishing first in The Children’s’ Well- Being Index and convince me that Sweden is the best place to grow up. How to cite Best Place To Live, Papers

Competitive Strategy for E-Bay Incorporation- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCompetitive Strategy for E-Bay Incorporation. Answer: Analysis of eBay E-Bay incorporation is an international electronic commerce organisation, facilitating online sales between consumers and businesses. The company was started in 1995 by Pierre Omidyar. The organisation provides the facility of online auction and shopping of wide variety of products. The company had revenue of US$8.97 billion in 2016 financial year. The purpose of selecting eBay is that the organisation changed the method of online trading, by taking a risky step of using innovative technology. This decision of company helps them in gaining a competitive advantage over their competitors (Simonsohn 2010). E-Bays Business Model According to Zott Amit (2010), eBay has adopted a unique strategy that helps them achieve success in electronic commerce market. E-Bay is originally an auction site that assists customers in selling their products to other customers. The unique business perspective help organisation in increasing their customer base and increasing customer satisfaction. The company provides a new form of trading which is not provided by other online retailers such as Amazon or Wal-Mart. The company features online auction where interested customers can bid their prices on a product and the largest bidder gets the product. The website structure is simple and easy to understand. The organisations unique business model helps them gain a competitive advantage because the customer base is not restricted by geographic boundaries. Companys Strategy The research of Chen, Liu Yu (2012) provides that eBays strategy is to provide high-quality services to its customers, to maintain their satisfaction and deliver products at cost-effective prices that help them gain an advantage over its competitors. Following are the key elements in their strategy: The company provides a customer-to-customer trading option in the online retail market. Customers can buy new products from different companies or auction their stuff on the website. Other customers can bid their price and the product is sold to the highest bidder. It is a unique approach adopted by the company. The worth of product enhanced due to this technique which is satisfying for both the parties. Other online retails such as Amazon, have high inventory storage cost, but eBay has competitive benefit since the company does not store their products in the warehouse. The company has more than 171 million active members in the second part of 2017 and it has a net worth of US$9.4 billion. The organisation has used various strategies to increase their market value in the online retail industry. The competitive advantage of the company includes the transparency of transaction in the C2C model where no details are hidden. The company provides high-level of security in their transactions as well. These features help the company in sustaining their growth in the future. CAGE structure The organisation has implemented innovative technology within their business processes and enhanced their business globally. The paper of Ofili (2016) discussed that, the online nature and no inventory storage requirements help the company in increasing their business worldwide. The company provide key information to interested customers and help them organise their trade. The website uses make online payments due to their trust in the organisation. It helps the company in establishing a competitive advantage. Analysis of Atlassian Atlassian was founded in 2002 and it is an Australian software company. The firm operates in the software industry and prepares group collaboration tools for companies. The clients of the company include Facebook, Visa, and BMW along with other forty thousand corporations. The revenue earned by the company in the first quarter of 2017 was AU$619.9 million. The company has increased their worth to US$5 billion in past 12 years. The purpose of choosing Atlassian for this report is that company has raised their client to forty thousand without any sales force. The companys spending on sales and marketing are below 21 percent of their revenue. Atlassian did not take any funding from outside investors for business operations. Companys Strategy According to Carlson (2017), Atlassian aim is to provide great quality software programs at a lower price, compared to its competitors. The company develops programs for organisational teams to chat and collaborate on different projects. The popular programs of Atlassian include JIRA, Confluence, and Bamboo. To increase their market share, Atlassian acquires various other software companies. Their recent acquisition was a group collaboration program called Trello. Atlassians main objective is to provide great product satisfaction to their clients. The organisation keeps their programs charges low for their customers. Asay (2014) called Atlassian strategy to be upside down because it did not spend on sales team or marketing their products, and they did not take funding from investors. Instead of focusing on satisfying their outside investors, the company focuses on their consumers software requirements, and they maintain a high rate of client satisfaction. This unique approach creates a competitive advantage because the money saved on sale and marketing are spent on product enhancement by Atlassian. The company has sustained their future growth by adopting this upside down policy. Atlassian Business Model The business model of the company emphasises on providing great quality programs at comparatively lower charges. According to Bass (2016), the absence of sales force is an example of the innovative approach. Below are the key parts of Atlassian business model: Creating a great product based on clients necessities Charges of product should be lower than competitors Concentration on enhancing the daily users for applications Ease of availability of programs at the website of the company Maintaining easy trial options and transparency in charges The business model of Atlassian shows innovation and new approach of the company. The high rate of clients satisfaction and no outside investors pressure, sustain the growth of the company. CAGE structure To enhance their market share, Atlassian required increasing business in outside countries such as Ireland, China, and Singapore. Atlassian can enhance their clients by investing in the software companies of Singapore. The organisation should evaluate their cultural, administrative, geographic and economic factors before investing in outside markets. According to Reodique (2016), Atlassian can benefit from the rapid growth of Singapores software industry. References Asay, M. (2014). Atlassians upside-down business strategy: Could it work for you?. TechRepublic. Retrieved from https://www.techrepublic.com/article/atlassians-upside-down-business-strategy-could-it-work-for-you/ Bass, D. (2016). This $5 Billion Software Company Has No Sales Staff. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-18/this-5-billion-software-company-has-no-sales-staff Carlson, R. M. (2017). Atlassian: Analysis and strategic recommendation. Chen, K. P., Liu, Y. S., Yu, Y. T. (2012). The Seller's listing strategy in online auctions: evidence from eBay. Ofili, O. U. (2016). Internationalization: Choosing The Right Entry Mode: Lessons From Ebays Strategy In China.European Scientific Journal, ESJ,12(1). Reodique, A. M. (2016). Singapores analytics software market to grow 8.6 percent CAGR over the next 3 years. MIS-Asia. Retrieved from https://www.mis-asia.com/tech/applications/singapores-analytics-software-market-to-grow-86-percent-cagr-over-the-next-3-years/ Simonsohn, U. (2010). eBay's crowded evenings: Competition neglect in market entry decisions.Management science,56(7), 1060-1073. Zott, C., Amit, R. (2010). Business model design: an activity system perspective.Long range planning,43(2), 216-226.

Scene Analysis from Gone With The Wind

‘Gone with the wind’ is identified as one of the most phenomenal movies of the early 20th century. It was especially categorical in the definition of the movie industry in regard to cultural and historical productions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Scene Analysis from Gone With The Wind specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Being one of the best works of producer David O. Selznick, it is identified as a historical piece of art work that has managed to survive through the decades and still maintain its viability. Its fame has grown over the years to a point where it is used as a point of reference by modern film scholars and other stakeholders in the industry (Mitchell and Conroy 7). This paper seeks to analyze the famous â€Å"Frankly dear, I don’t give a damn† scene from the movie ‘Gone With The Wind’ that was released in 1939, in a bid to understand the setting of the scene as well as the producer’s motives and success when making it. The particular ‘I don’t give a damn’ scene is set in a lavish setting where affluence is identified as a matter of necessity. This is negated by the whole premise of the film as neediness is portrayed to emanate from companionship rather than affluence. This scene depicts the capturing of hope in a picture that captivates the viewer to a point where he or she accepts the spectacular moments even before trying to understand them. A number of movie critics, scholars and authors have tried to explain this particular aspect through their examination of the societal trends throughout history. The movie expresses a buildup of romance in a volatile period where the particular affluence of individuals didn’t matter much (Boyer, Clark, Kett and Salisbury 483). The particular characters played by Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh captivate the viewer to a point where one is forced to stop thinking and j ust marvel at the pictures though the story.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While the viewer may be aware of the historical events during the time that the movie is set in, there is very little in the public domain that explores the societal position on an individual level. The political events of the time are identified to thrive on a backdrop of rich social activity and domestic turbulence. The cinematic display of romance in this movie is exceptional and has been pointed out as the basis of the success of the movie at a time when Hollywood was just defining itself. The realism of the movie in general, lies in the fact that it is a story about the real lives of individuals in a historical period that most viewer are aware of even if most may not have experienced it. The fact that the director of the film was able to eliminate intimations of self-deception makes the film even m ore real to a point where it provokes empathetic feelings in the viewer in the shower of romance. The scene is set in a domestic setting where Scarlet O’Hara portrays the deep hope in a romance that may be deemed dead (Mitchell and Conroy 271). The lying at the foot of the staircase depicts the helplessness that she suffers even with her strong character as an actualized woman. The humbleness of romance is identified to brush off of her while her lover portrays a rough scorned lover who has no belief in the romance that she has so much hope in. This hope is a contrast to the societal position during a time of political turbulence and inevitable warfare. The producer of the film succeeds in highlighting the social challenges faced by individual who try to build romantic relationships in a domestic setting through the use of realistic real life constructs. The scene tends to strip romance to its basic tenets where the affluence as well as political situation of a society has no thing to do with the orientation of different genders in regard to romance and relationships.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Scene Analysis from Gone With The Wind specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It gives the viewer an idea of an actualized society in the early 20th century and the particular worries of such a society in regard to the different genders. This actualization is not only based on the characters’ social standing, but also their personal aspects. While the premise of the film may be based on romance and its thriving in an affluent society, the film tends to negate this premise until the end. Critics have identified it as the birth of feminism where Scarlet rejects her admirer for a huge part of the film even though his intentions are clearly identified through his modest actions towards her. In the last scene, when the gentleman has given up all hope of a reasonable relationship the lady give s in only to find out that it is too late. The relationship between affluence and feminism in a situation where actualization is strong is used to identify the conflict between self-awareness and basic human tendencies that constitutes their humanity. The producer builds up a lot of pressure through his use of suspense only to kill it through an unfortunate end where Scarlet gets rejected by her admirer (Boyer, Clark, Kett and Salisbury 76). The use of music in the different scenes is quite articulate as it smoothly transfers the viewer’s feelings and moods from one setting to another, despite the conflict between the different scenes. This ensures that the story flows smoothly, which ensures the success of the production. This also domesticates the scenes to a point where the viewer is able to connect and associate his or her personal life with that of the characters in the movie (Mitchell and Conroy 524). The producer manages to cascade the scenes in a progressive style whi le still providing room for soliloquies and flashbacks. In the particular ‘I don’t give a damn’ scene, there is the inclusion of recollections from Scarlet’s father that reassure her of a positive future with her object of desire even though he had just rejected her.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is identified as a point of weakness for the strong feminism that the film builds up in the previous scenes (Boyer, Clark, Kett and Salisbury 347). The poetic acts serve to emphasize the romance that exists in the domestic setting where external aspects of society seem to be blocked out to enhance the feelings of the characters. The world that is constructed around the characters has been identified to emphasize the timelessness of the movie even though it is built around a historical setting. This also emphasizes the timelessness of romance and this has been reiterated by modern film critics who identify it as the motivation behind the film’s success even in the modern world of film. Despite the fact that historical premise is boundless, the producer still manages to limit the storyline to a domestic context with a number of influences from the society. Works Cited Boyer, Paul, Clark Clifford, Kett Joseph and Salisbury Neal. The enduring vision: a history of the America n people, Volume 2. Upper Saddle River: Cengage Learning. 2007. Print. Mitchell, Margaret, and Conroy, Pat. Gone With the Wind. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2007. Print. This essay on Scene Analysis from Gone With The Wind was written and submitted by user Juliette Munoz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Antacid Rocket Experiment

The Antacid Rocket Experiment If your child has tried the Naked Egg Experiment, he has seen how the chemical reaction between calcium carbonate and vinegar can remove an eggshell. If he’s tried The Exploding Sandwich Bag Experiment, then he knows a little bit about acid-base reactions. Now he can harness that reaction create a flying object in this Antacid Rocket Experiment. With some open space outdoors and a little caution your child can send a homemade rocket into the air by the power of a fizzy reaction. Note: The Antacid Rocket Experiment used to be called the Film Canister Rockets, but with digital cameras taking over the market, it’s become harder and harder to find empty film canisters. If you can film canisters, that’s great, but this experiment recommends you use mini MM tubular containers or clean, empty glue stick containers instead. What Your Child Will Learn (or Practice): Scientific inquiryObserving chemical reactionsThe Scientific Method Materials Needed: Mini MMs tube, a clean used-up glue stick container or a film canisterHeavy paper/card stockTapeMarkersScissorsBaking sodaVinegarTissuesAntacid tablets (Alka-Seltzer or a generic brand)Soda (optional) Tissues are not a necessity for this experiment, but using tissue can help to delay the chemical reaction long enough to give your child some time to get out of the way. Make Baking Soda and Vinegar Rockets Have your child sketch out and decorate a small rocket on a piece of heavy paper. Ask her to cut out the rocket and set it to the side.Help your child cut the â€Å"hinge† holding the cover to the MMs tube so it comes on and off. This will be the bottom of the rocket.Give her another piece of heavy paper and have her roll it around the tube, making sure the bottom of the rocket is easily accessible. Then, have her tape it tightly in place. (She may need to cut the paper to make it fit better).Glue the rocket she drew and cut out to the front of the tube to make the whole thing look more like a real rocket.Move outside to a clear, open area and open the containerFill it one-quarter full with vinegar.Wrap 1 teaspoon of baking soda in small piece of tissue.Warning: You must act quickly in this step! Stuff the folded tissue in the tube, snap it shut and stand it up (with the lid down) on the ground. Move away!Watch the rocket pop right up into the air after the tissue dissolves in the vinegar. Make an Antacid Rocket Use the same rocket from the baking soda and vinegar experiment, making sure to clean it thoroughly first.Take off the cover and put an antacid tablet into the tube. You may have to break it into pieces to get it all to fit. You can use generic antacid tablets but Alka-Seltzer works better than generic brands.Add a teaspoon of water to the tube, snap on the cover and put the rocket - lid down - on the ground.Watch what happens once the water dissolves the antacid tablet. What’s Going On Both rockets are working under the same principle. A baking soda and vinegar mixture and the water and antacid combination create an acid-base chemical reaction that releases carbon dioxide gas. The gas fills the tube and the the air pressure builds to a point where it is too great to be contained. That’s when the lid pops off and the rocket flies up into the air. Extend the Learning Experiment with different types of paper and how much baking soda and vinegar you use. It may help make the rocket fly higher, faster, or even be coordinated to a countdown.Ask your child compare how the different rockets worked. Which worked better?Substitute soda for water in the antacid rocket and see if it works differently.

How to Use the French Preposition ÃÂ

How to Use the French Preposition Despite its diminutive size,   is a hugely important French preposition and one of the most important words in the French language. Its meanings and uses in French are many and varied, but at its most basic,   generally  means to, at or in.  Compare   to de,  meaning of or from, with which its often confused.   Contractions When  Ã‚  is followed by the  definite articles  le  and  les,  Ã‚  contracts  with themas a single word. le  Ã‚  au (au magasin)   Ã‚  les   aux  (aux maisons) But  Ã‚  does not contract with  la  or  l.   Ã‚  la  Ã‚   la ( la banque) l  Ã‚   l ( lhà ´pital) In addition,  Ã‚  is not contracted with  le  and  les  when they are  direct objects. Common Uses of 1.  Location or destination Jhabite Paris.  Ã‚  I live in Paris.Je vais Rome.  Ã‚  Im going to Rome.Je suis la banque.  Ã‚  Im at the bank. 2.  Distance in time or space Jhabite 10 mà ¨tres de lui.  Ã‚  I live 10 meters from him.Il est 5 minutes de moi.  Ã‚  He is 5 minutes from me. 3.  Point in time Nous arrivons 5h00.  Ã‚  We arrive at 5:00.Il est mort 92 ans.  Ã‚  He died at the age of 92. 4.  Manner, style, or characteristic Il habite la franà §aise.  Ã‚  He lives in the French style.un enfant aux yeux bleus  Ã‚  blue-eyed child; child with blue eyesfait la main  Ã‚  made by handaller pied  Ã‚  to go on / by foot 5. Possession un ami moi  Ã‚  a friend of mineCe livre est Jean  Ã‚  This is Jeans book 6.  Measurement acheter au kilo  Ã‚  to buy by the kilogrampayer la semaine  Ã‚  to pay by the week 7. Purpose or use une tasse thà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  teacup; cup for teaun sac dos  Ã‚  backpack; pack for the back 8. In the passive infinitive louer  Ã‚  for rentJe nai rien lire.  Ã‚  I have nothing to read.                                     9. With Certain Verbs, Phrases Followed by an Infinitive The French preposition is required after certain verbs and phrases when they are followed by an infinitive. The English translation may take an infinitive (to learn how to do something) or a gerund (to stop eating).      aider   Ã‚  to help to   Ã‚  Ã‚  samuser   Ã‚  to amuse oneself ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  apprendre   Ã‚  to learn how to  Ã‚  Ã‚  sapprà ªter   Ã‚  to get ready to  Ã‚  Ã‚  arriver   Ã‚  to manage / succeed in ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  sattendre   Ã‚  to expect to  Ã‚  Ã‚  sautoriser   Ã‚  to authorize / allow to  Ã‚  Ã‚  avoir   Ã‚  to have to / be obliged to  Ã‚  Ã‚  chercher   Ã‚  to attempt to  Ã‚  Ã‚  commencer   Ã‚  to begin to / ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  consentir   Ã‚  to consent to  Ã‚  Ã‚  continuer   Ã‚  to continue to / ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  dà ©cider (quelquun)   Ã‚  to persuade (someone) to  Ã‚  Ã‚  se dà ©cider   Ã‚  to make up ones mind to  Ã‚  Ã‚  encourager   Ã‚  to encourage to   Ã‚  Ã‚  sengager   Ã‚  to get around to  Ã‚  Ã‚  enseigner   Ã‚  to teach to  Ã‚  Ã‚  shabituer   Ã‚  to get used to  Ã‚  Ã‚  hà ©siter   Ã‚  to hesitate to  Ã‚  Ã‚  sintà ©resser   Ã‚  to be interested in  Ã‚  Ã‚  inviter (qu elquun)   Ã‚  to invite (someone) to  Ã‚  Ã‚  se mettre   Ã‚  to start, set about ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  obliger   Ã‚  to oblige to  Ã‚  Ã‚  parvenir   Ã‚  to succeed in ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  passer du temps   Ã‚  Ã‚  to spend time ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  perdre du temps   Ã‚  to waste time ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  persister   Ã‚  to persist in ___-ing      se plaire   Ã‚  to take pleasure in ___-ing   Ã‚  Ã‚  pousser (quelquun)   Ã‚  to urge/push (someone) to   Ã‚  Ã‚  se prà ©parer   Ã‚  to prepare oneself to   Ã‚  Ã‚  recommencer   Ã‚  to begin ___-ing again  Ã‚  Ã‚  rà ©flà ©chir   Ã‚  to consider ___-ing   Ã‚  Ã‚  renoncer   Ã‚  to give up ___-ing   Ã‚  Ã‚  rà ©sister   Ã‚  to resist ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  rà ©ussir   Ã‚  to succeed in ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  rà ªver   Ã‚  to dream of ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  servir   Ã‚  to serve to  Ã‚  Ã‚  songer   Ã‚  to dream of ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  tarder   Ã‚  to delay / be late in ___-ing   Ã‚  Ã‚  tenir   Ã‚  to hold (someone) to / insist on ___-ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  venir   Ã‚  to happen to 10. With Verbs That Need an Indirect Object   The French preposition is required after many French verbs and phrases that need an indirect object, but there is often no equivalent preposition in English.   Ã‚  Ã‚        acheter   Ã‚  to buy from   Ã‚  Ã‚  arracher   Ã‚  Ã‚  to grab, tear away from  Ã‚  Ã‚  assister (la rà ©union)  Ã‚  to attend (the meeting)   Ã‚  Ã‚  conseiller   Ã‚  to advise   Ã‚  Ã‚  convenir (quelquun) / la situation  Ã‚  to please; to be suitable for someone / the situation  Ã‚  Ã‚  croire   Ã‚  to believe something  Ã‚  Ã‚  demander (quelque chose) (quelquun)  Ã‚  to ask someone (something)  Ã‚  Ã‚  dà ©fendre   Ã‚  to forbid   Ã‚  Ã‚  demander (quelquun)  Ã‚  to ask (someone) to   Ã‚  Ã‚  dà ©plaire   Ã‚  to displease; to be displeasing to  Ã‚  Ã‚  dà ©sobà ©ir   Ã‚  to disobey   Ã‚  Ã‚  dire   Ã‚  to say; to tell  Ã‚  Ã‚  donner un stylo (quelquun)  Ã‚  to give (someone) a pen  Ã‚  Ã‚  emprunter un livre (quelquun)  Ã‚  to borrow a book from (someone)  Ã‚  Ã‚  envoyer (qqch) (quelquun)  Ã‚  to send (something) to (someone)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ªtre   Ã‚  to belong to  Ã‚  Ã‚  faire attention   Ã ‚  to pay attention to  Ã‚  Ã‚  se fier (quelquun)  Ã‚  to trust (someone)  Ã‚  Ã‚  goà »ter (quelque chose)  Ã‚  to taste (something)  Ã‚  Ã‚  shabituer   Ã‚  to get used to  Ã‚  Ã‚  interdire (quelque chose) quelquun  Ã‚  to forbid someone (something)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sintà ©resser   Ã‚  to be interested in   Ã‚  Ã‚  jouer   Ã‚  to play (a game or sport)  Ã‚  Ã‚  manquer   Ã‚  to miss someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  mà ªler   Ã‚  to mingle with; to join in  Ã‚  Ã‚  nuire   Ã‚  to harm  Ã‚  Ã‚  obà ©ir   Ã‚  to obey  Ã‚  Ã‚  sopposer   Ã‚  to oppose  Ã‚  Ã‚  ordonner   Ã‚  to order  Ã‚  Ã‚  pardonner   Ã‚  to pardon; to forgive  Ã‚  Ã‚  parler   Ã‚  to talk to  Ã‚  Ã‚  penser   Ã‚  to think of / about  Ã‚  Ã‚  permettre   Ã‚  to permit  Ã‚  Ã‚  plaire   Ã‚  to please; to be pleasing to  Ã‚  Ã‚  profiter   Ã‚  to benefit; to be profitable to  Ã‚  Ã‚  promettre   Ã‚  to promise  Ã‚  Ã‚  rà ©flà ©chir   Ã‚  to consider; to reflect upon  Ã‚  Ã‚  rà ©pondre   Ã‚  to answer  Ã‚  Ã‚  rà ©sister   Ã‚  to resist  Ã‚  Ã‚  ressembler   Ã‚  to resemble   Ã‚  Ã‚  rà ©ussir lexamen   to pass the test  Ã‚  Ã‚  serrer la main (quelquun)  Ã‚  to shake hands with someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  servir   Ã‚  to be used for / as  Ã‚  Ã‚  songe r   Ã‚  to dream; to think of  Ã‚  Ã‚  succà ©der   Ã‚  to succeed; to follow  Ã‚  Ã‚  survivre   Ã‚  to survive  Ã‚  Ã‚  tà ©là ©phoner   Ã‚  to call  Ã‚  Ã‚  voler (quelque chose) quelquun  Ã‚  to steal (something) from someone Notes Remember that plus an inanimate noun can be replaced by the adverbial pronoun y. For example, je my suis habituà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  I got used to it. plus a person can usually be replaced by an indirect object pronoun that is placed in front of the verb (e.g., Il me parle). However, a few verbs and expressions do not allow a preceding indirect object pronoun. Instead, they require that you keep the preposition after the verb and follow it with a stressed pronoun (e.g., Je pense toi). Additional Resources Passive infinitive:  a grammatical structure in which something other than a verb needs to be followed by  Ã‚   infinitive.

Federal Prison Comparison Pape Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Federal Prison Comparison Pape - Research Paper Example Ultimately there are fewer violent offenders in federal prisons than state prisons because a majority of federal crimes are non-violent/commercial crimes. State prisons originate from colonial times, and evolved from the prisons that were established to house criminals who offended the laws against the crown (Clear et al, 2011). Between 1900 and 1970 the prison population in the US was moderate, housing from 90 to 120 prisoners for each 100,000 citizens. However, with more than 35 years of â€Å"steady growth† the prison population is currently five times greater than it was in 1973 representing the largest prison population in the country’s history (Clear et al, 2011, p. 6). There have been many attempts to explain the prions population growth in the US. Gaines and Miller (2011) identified a number of contributing factors. The prions population growth in the US can be attributed to the get tough on crime policies that began in the 1980s. The get tough on crime policies introduced a number of strategies that resulted in mandatory imprisonment. One such strategy in a number of states is the three strikes policy which calls for mandatory incarceration for repeat offenders. Another policy is the longer prison sentencing strategies. With fewer prisoners eligible for parole, the prison population grows because new offenders are introduced into the system and few prisoners are released. Another explanation given for the prison population growth is the fact that there have been more crimes as criminals become more sophisticated and technology aids in the commission of criminal activities (Gaines & Miller, 2011). Security State Prisons State prison systems design their own security systems but they are generally the same among the 50 states. The North Carolina Department of Correction provides an example of the security levels in US state prisons. Prisoners enter the prison system from a county jail for the most part. Upon entering the state prison prison ers are assessed for risks and security risks are balanced against the needs of programs. Newly admitted prisoners are evaluated for security risks and are also subjected to medical and mental health evaluations in the risk assessment process. A number of factors including the crime, social demographics, education, job experience, and criminal history are taken into account (North Carolina Department of Corrections, 2011). Once the prisoner’s evaluation is completed he/she is placed in the appropriate â€Å"custodial level†. The custodial levels are classified as close (maximum), medium, minimum 1, minimum II and minimum III. Close of maximum security is a custodial level where inmates assessed to have the highest security risks are placed. Medium security houses prisoners who are at a lower security risk than prisoners placed in close security. Prisoners who pose a low security risk are placed in minimum III (North Carolina Department of Corrections, 2011). Federal Pr isons The Federal Bureau of Prisons (n.d.) lists four security levels in the federal prison system. The four security systems are minimum security, low security, medium security and high security. Minimum security prisons are also referred to as Federal Prison Camps and have â€Å"dormitory housing, a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio† and â€Å"limited or no perimeter fencing† (Federal Bureau of Prisons, n.d.). Low security prisons on the other hand have â€Å"double-fenced perimeters†

Critical Design Issues in the Contemporary World Essay

Critical Design Issues in the Contemporary World - Essay Example Research has demarcated means to market products not merely as solutions to actual problems but as panaceas to human desire. Consumers are â€Å"convinced† through sizable marketing efforts to acquire certain products to enhance their lifestyles. In this scenario the designer must produce objects that seem aesthetically either appealing or appalling to grab the consumer’s attention. (Dorst and Dijkhuis 1995) Functionality in design is fast receding. In comparison various designers from the past balanced both form and functionality. Architecture, film making, literature, performing arts all reflected an intertwined state of balance between form and functionality that was often hard to decipher. Form has been encouraged in recent years in preference to functionality. A designer ought to be truly independent of commercial influences to exploit their true creative potential. The dominance of the commercial influence on design has rendered design incapable of displaying more subtle tones of thought and reflection. Most products today are designed with a consideration to use and throw away as desired. This in turn encourages the commercial design of products that are more or less disposable. It is debateable is consumer’s demands push such behaviour or if business tendencies to spur consumption spur such tendencies. However what is apparent is that design has been tainted largely with commercial influences that have modified its original precepts. Another competing influence on design strategies is economics. Economical design strategies have shot to the fore front following the eighties and the nineties when advances in manufacturing strategies meant that designs could be optimised further to save material and machine costs. (Simon 1996) Large scale manufacturing operations encourage designers to optimise both the use of material as well as to optimise the manufacturing techniques in use. Such a strategy ensures that the produced design is provi ding desired functionality at low costs to the manufacturer. This aids the business operation to maximise profitability by reducing base costs while keeping profit margins higher. Economic considerations have clearly impacted the length and breadth of the design industry whether the automobile industry is considered or whether fashion design is considered. The base contention is nearly always the same to cut base costs through the optimised use of materials and processes. Often designers produce designs that are then optimised by engineers or other manufacturing experts to remove what could be considered essential design features such as curves, tricky surfaces and the like. This ensures that the design is simplified for manufacturing. (Faste 2001) Similarly clothing designs are modified too such as using different pigments for achieving dimmer or otherwise different colours etc. Overall, economics serve as a major influence on design methods and the affected design domain includes all forms and manners of designs. Large influences on design in the contemporary world stems from globalisation of cultures, societies, ideas and ultimately design influences. The fusion of various cultural influences has produced individuals that are well aware of local values and traditions just as they are well aware of design influences in another part of the world. For example, Japanese designs were known the world over for their subtle and precise character. The

Physician one day Essay Example for Free

Physician one day Essay Hope began playing a major role in my life when my father was diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer. I remember the exact day my family and I found out, the terrible feeling in my stomach and my utter disbelief. From that day on it had only grown worse. The doctor bluntly told us that my father had only about three to six months to live. The only thing I had left was hope. It was the hope that he would miraculously get better, but as his illness progressed, I simply hoped to have him with me just a little longer. Nine months later my father died. To this day I still cannot fully fathom the fact that he has passed away. However, the painful journey that led to his demise is the motivational experience that empowers me to strive for excellence. Having to see the person I love endure painful chemotherapy sessions and watching him slowly deteriorate was the hardest experience I have had to bear thus far. In a way, I was able to benefit from it. When he was diagnosed, I spent all the time I could with my father, trying to ameliorate his pain and mine. I would give him his medications, cater to his every need, and even accompany him to his chemotherapy appointments. Ultimately, I became his personal nurse. On several occasions, my father could not withstand the pain caused not only by the cancer, but also by the chemotherapy. In these moments, I was distraught because I felt incompetent; I could not help him in any way. With desperation in his voice, he would tell me, â€Å"Be a doctor one day, so you can cure people like me. † His words determined the career path I would take. The few times I could ameliorate my father’s pain were the times when I felt a satisfaction like no other. Helping others in any way became my passion because it reminds me of the instances I helped my father. My father’s words inspired me to help others who suffer due to illness. His death gave me hope and the drive to become a physician. My father’s battle with cancer was a life changing experience. I am now able to say that it has made me the strong individual I consider myself to be. Hope led me to survive the loss of my father and it is hope that guides me every day. Hope allows me to continue in times of despair, as well as to strive for the best in school. Whenever I am in any predicament, I remember my father and everything we went through together; I immediately gain the courage to overcome the issue.

Essay --

Rohan Baishya Due 2/13/14 Block 5 Poem Commentary The Schoolboy by William Blake The Schoolboy is a poem which at first, William Blake, the author of the poem, put in his original version of Songs of Innocence but eventually moved it to the other half of his complete work, Songs of Innocence and Experience. His change of mind of the suitable position for The School Boy shows indecision by Blake regarding whether he should divide the works into two divergent sections or keep them together to resemble the crucial eminence of this particular poem. An elucidation of the poem is that Blake knew beforehand and was planning out the larger work when Songs of Innocence was first published, and that he intentionally decided to have dissimilar poems like The Schoolboy to institute at least some tension through the concurrence of them centered on other carefully planned out works. This understanding is further supported because Blake already completed plenty of the poems earlier, and these later became the Songs of Experience when the former work had been published. Therefor e, it is straightforward to envisage that Blake was experimenting, which led to a couple divergent poems added momentarily to Songs of Innocence. But beside the point, these distinctive characteristics of the background of The Schoolboy are incorporated to emphasize the poem as something worth evaluating more closely, for there is far more to it than meets the eye. Another rationale for concentrating on The Schoolboy is its subject matter. The poem is in relation to the results of official schooling on a child’s life. What happens to kids when they are brought into an atmosphere of strict, textbook style of learning? Is anything lost in exchange for the chance to learn in ... ...ful experiences in school can adversely shape the lives of kids and students. In the second half of The Schoolboy, William Blake gives a passionate call for the insightful handling of juvenile minds. In the fourth stanza, an additional element from the first stanza is used figuratively to exemplify the negative results of an authoritarian way of learning. The tenor of this allegory is an anxious kid required to go to school and disregard his or her way of thinking. The comparison is to an incarcerated bird that droops its young wings and is forced to forget its joyful urge to fly free. The similarity, which institutes the metaphor, is the incarcerating makeup of both the school and the bird’s cage; the purpose of both are to control and transform the being within at the cost of their innate, free self-expression, oppressing the delicate, youthful tunes within them.

Recruitment Of A Star Essay

In the case study of â€Å"Recruitment of a star† there are four candidates for the job offered by Stephen Conner. They are Gerald Baum, David Hughes, Sonia Meetha and Seth Horkum. Among all, my choice is Seth Horkum. There were several positive aspect which made him my first option such as his time management (being at interview before the schedule), his prior experience with PowerChip company (Upcoming client for RSH), his long term commitment (15 years of service @ Jefferson Brothers) which allows dependency and loyalty. With all the above aspects and the intelligence he exhibited in the interview makes him the best fit for the job. What problems does Stephen Conner face? When Stephen let Peter go, the biggest problem was to find the right replacement at the earliest. So the time was the key factor because it was the time when they were in need of a senior analyst to get started with the new client (PowerChip Company). Apart from that, he was facing a lot of concerns from the senior executives of the organization about his decision of letting Peter go. In fact they were more upset with his decision of making Rina who was an assistant to peter and joined the organization just 3 years ago as a substitute for Peter. What should Peter’s replacement look like, and which of the candidates best fits this description? (Page 4) Peter was extremely intelligent and his analytical skills were superior. So if one has to replace Peter must be of the same cadre and fit into the same shoe. He was always and achiever and go getter. His priorities were time management, resource management and competency at work. So to find the best replacement, there must be ano ther Peter with the similar skill set and attitude. So at this juncture, Seth and Sonia are the best fit because Seth is punctual, ambitious and if opportunity given, he can rank up to the higher position with his intellectual, technical and analytical skills. On the other hand, Sonia is also a very hard working. Even though she is working in a boutique, her performance since past three years has grown over and her clients also believes that she is a true up-and-comer and could become one of the best analyst on the wall street if given a better platform Put yourself in the place of each of the five candidates (include Rina),  what should each person highlight during the interview process? How could each person differentiate him or herself from the other candidates? Gerald Baum: The highlights of Gerald’s personality are that he is not only the star analyst in semiconductor industry but in past he was a lead analyst in electronics and electrical connectors industry as well. At Gotz and Loeb which is a specialized firm with an emphasis in technology industry has given an enormous opportunity to Gerald to grow as an analyst and also gain industry knowledge. David Hughes: The well seasoned aged David Hughes is also one of the candidate for the peter’s position. While working for big firms like Spenser’s and company, David got opportunity to tune into the global market and gain the best industry experience. Also learned writing business plans, progress reports and even year end reviews. Sonia Meetha: She is the candidate with both sales and technical skills. She is an excellent writer. Being a techno-managerial graduate and having dual experience of working both in engineering and sales team has gave her an edge over the other interviewees. Seth Horkum: He is a very promising analyst with a prior experience working with RSH future client PowerChip company and also have close contacts in that company. He has not just accessible and responsive for the clients but also gave long hours for the organization to fulfill the task which other analyst couldn’t do. Rina Shea: The most convincing point for her is the association she is having with the company and also her recent experience of assisting Peter. She is an excellent writer and had learned a lot of other skills from Peter which got her into the list of candidates to be considered for the senior analyst position. Analyze the selection processes being used. What are the strengths and weaknesses, and how could any weaknesses be mitigated? The process adopted by Stephen to select the replacement for Peter was pre-screening followed by a Face to Face Interview session with the Candidates. Strength: Past employment history Punctuality of the interviewees Soft Skills / Communication skills Technical Skills Personality Traits Weakness: I Do not see any weakness in the interview process adopted by Stephen (pre-screening and Face to Face). In fact it gave him an edge over just reading their profiles and listening to the word of mouth during pre-screening. How would the organizational entry and socialization process differ between Rina and one of the other candidates if chosen? SWOT for Rina Shea: Strength : Being junior to Peter, she had a good understanding of all the work that Peter undertook. With an association of over three years at the firm, she is well versed with the company culture and values. She has exceptional writing skills. Weakness: Rina is lesser experienced compare to other senior candidates She must be assertive while presenting her reports Rina must learn/ Enhance Decision making skills. She depends on other senior analysts for advices and suggestions most of the time Opportunities : Being familiar with the company, Rina would not need an induction and familiarization sessions. Threats: The vast experience that other candidates bringing to the table. If chosen, The other candidates shall grow up the ladder faster and better than Rina At times, she may be emotionally disturbed because of temporary promotion and again going back to the same assistant job which may result in losing confidence, loyalty and responsiveness.

Adjusting to Terrorism in the United States

After the terrorist attack of 9-11, the United States made several changes to policies concerning visitors into the United States. More attention is required at the borders, airports, mail system, and intranet to protect citizens of the United States against terrorism. In this paper, we will discuss a proposal to make the criminal justice agencies in the United States better prepared for terrorist attacks. Border Patrol is part of the criminal justice agency and responsible for protecting the borders of the United States against illegal immigrants from entering the U. S. without proper authorization. I would like to propose the United States completely fencing in our country instead of just fencing a third as we do presently. This will enable our agents to enforce the laws more effectively across the United States. Many borders are open along the Vermont and Canadian. People are able to cross the border without detection. People know there is nothing to stop them from traveling route 2 and disappearing (Peak 2010). This issue needs attention so all borders need patrolled equally to ensure the safety of the United States. The world's longest undefended border is between Canada and the United States. This runs along the 49th parallel of the west coast to Lake Superior and following natural boundaries for the remainder (International Boundary Commission 2011). Expense is a negative consequence to this proposal however, the money the United States saves in health care, education, and loss of employment caused by illegal immigrants will pay for the expansion of the border. Safety is the positive to the border issue, we have too many illegal people crossing into the United States and more force needs to take place in order to change the current situation. With more border protection, the United States can control drug traffic, human trafficking, and illegal aliens residing in the United States. Each year, according to the U. S. Customs, 60 million people come to the United States aboard 675,000 commercial and private flights. Six million arrive by sea and 370 million by land and 116 million vehicles cross the land borders with Canada and Mexico. It is estimated around 90,000 merchant and passenger ships enter U. S. ports. Each ship can carry more than 9 million shipping containers and 400 million tons of cargo. This voluminous trade, drug traffickers conceal cocaine, heroin, marijuana, MDMA, and methamphetamine shipments for distribution in U. S. neighborhoods (U. S. Drug Enforcement Agency 2004). The budget for this expansion will include more border patrol officers, weapons, artillery, material, and funding from the government. Each border needs supervisors to supervise the operation of each station. Each officer needs to go through a training period of 6 weeks before assigned to a duty station. The estimated cost for this project is 1. 5 billion dollars. In conclusion, our borders are unprotected around the United States and serious measure need taken to control the illegal aliens entering on a daily basis. Without proper patrol, the United States is at risk of all types of illegal operations coming in and going out of our country through ships, planes, and trains. This proposal will decrease the amount of illegal persons and merchandise transported across what is now unprotected by guards. References International Boundary Commission Canadian Info Retrieved from http://www.craigmarlatt.com/canada/canada;the_world/canada;us_border.html on January 31, 2011 Peak, K, 2010 Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, Sixth Edition Published by Prentice Hall. By Pearson Education, Inc U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency Drug Trafficking in the United States 2004 Retrieved from http://www.policyalmanac.org/crime/archive/drug_trafficking.shtml on January 31, 2011

Effects of Social Groups on Personality and Behavior Essay Example

Effects of Social Groups on Personality and Behavior Essay Example Effects of Social Groups on Personality and Behavior Paper Effects of Social Groups on Personality and Behavior Paper Sociology social groups Social groups an Important feature throughout life, your own social group could potentially decide how you were viewed by others and could affect personality and behavior as most humans crave the acceptance and good standing a group brings. There were moments in my life where although I didnt completely agree with what my social was doing the influence that they exerted bested my own moral Judgments. During elementary school my group of 5 or 6 boys always felt like we ran the school, tit our own prestigious little group we had gathered the coolest kids to be a part of, in order to gain good standing in this group you had to be exceptionally cruel to other students, although I didnt agree with it at first I quickly learned to throw that aside to be accepted. One case was making fun of a boy who was handicapped, I didnt really want to do It but I was at a point where I was the leader of my group so as to not be ostracizes I Joined in and didnt think about till years later where I realized how wrong I was. The power of my group led me to behave immorally but once I gained good standing I used my power to possibly cause others to behave Immorally. I remember living in what many would consider to be the ghetto earlier in my childhood; gangs littered the streets of my small neighborhood, shady drug dealers and their drudge counterparts were in abundance, and my mom never wanted me outside. Although cops frequented my neighborhood occasionally harassing one of the teens nothing serious ever truly happened until someone brutally attacked another person over a dispute about money or something similar. I was outside at he time against my mothers wishes playing with friends when I saw a man being chased by 2 officers, all my friends followed so I went along. Although the memory Is hazy now I remember the man being tackled and beaten by the two officers for a very long time. The officers beat the man because of the length of the chase and the violent crime he committed to assert their authority, the length and severity of the beating to them is a normal reaction while to a bystander such as me and my friends a beating of that nature is unwarranted and excessive.

Ancestors In The African Context Religion Essay

Ancestors In The African Context Religion Essay In Africa, the world was believed to be inhabited by beings both visible and invisible. Among the visible beings were humans, animals and plants. The invisible things included deities, divinities and ancestors. The belief remains that there is an interaction between the invisible and visible worlds (2007;377). In this essay we will focus on ancestors (the â€Å"living-dead†) and its role in South Africa and the role of the Church. We will also look at reasons behind the strong presence of ancestor practices within Africa. Ancestors Wikipedia defines an ancestor as: â€Å"†¦a parent or (recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i.e., a grandparent, great-grandparent, great-great-grandparent, and so forth)† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor ,17 March 2011). In other words, an ancestor is a person who is deceased and of whom you are a descendent. An ancestor is also someone who is remote or distant. Using online resources like http://www.ancestor.co.za or http://a ncestry24.com a person can explore the history of ancestors. It’s possible with the use of medical DNA tests to reveal links to ancestors, much like it is used today to relate relatives. Some ancestors are considered to play an active role in the lives of the living and are therefore called the living-dead. In this essay we will focus solely on this â€Å"type† of ancestor group. Ancestors in the African context One of the main reasons why ancestor practices play such a prominent role in African religions is because Africa languishes under the yoke of the fear of spirits. Their views of the spirit-world is contrasted in many aspects against the New Testament teachings. In the African spirit world for example, spirits appear rather as disorganised and competitive (2007;397). This is contrasted against the highly organised view in Ephesians 6. In fact, the authorities and cosmic powers in the Pauline letters allude to the way in which supernatural beings, as it were, inc arnate themselves in structures. Whether it be a political, religious or intellectual structure. These structures are there for holding man in bondage but over which Christ has triumphed and which he now wants to employ in his service on earth. In traditional Africa however, ancestors are never referred to, nor considered, as evil spirits In these religions there is also the concept of a God, or Supreme Being, although it cannot be proved conclusively in all cases. Although there is the concept of evil forces, it’s not the same as the Christian view in the sense that there exists a single-ruler over all evil powers. In Christianity this single ruler is called Satan, among other names. In the Bible God’s angels are depicted as creatures, holy and uncorrupted spirits with a free will, and therefore not necessarily impervious to temptation and sin (1999;68). There are also scriptural indications of an angelic fall, under the leadership of Satan. Good angels are portrayed as powerful agencies for the carrying out of God’s will, there is also a well orchestrated army of evil agencies who counterfeit the activities of those good angels (1999;69). Satan is the evil one which represents the embodiment of antithesis to the will and purpose of God (1999;71). The book of Revelation is notable for its presentation of the absolute power which God exercises over the world and restriction of evil (1999;72).

Requirements for the Corporate Computing Function Essay

Requirements for the Corporate Computing Function - Essay Example For instance, most companies today have a backlog of e-mails, instant messaging, web processing, voice call and other communication means to handle on a daily basis. In most cases, handling organization and management of information tend to pose a huge challenge to many. In spite of the challenges involved, it is an aspect that must be given serious attention. Data is part of a business today and the information obtained from data received is of great value in today’s business environment (Andersen,. 1995). In fact, most organizations depend on the availability and accuracy of the data to function. However, the technological advancements witnessed in the recent past have brought new hurdles in managing information that did not exist in the past before the emergence of computers and the internet. Whereas technology has increased efficiency, access, and integrity on ways of how to manage information, it can be tiresome. However, based on the competitive nature of the global econ omy, managers must ensure that data is received in a timely and accurate manner in order to be able to meet the information needs of management. The availability of accurate and timely data is important for the management since it keeps them informed and up to date with decisions (Andersen,. 1995). ... In the past, businesses used to rely on manual file management system, including cabinets and notebooks. However, the traditional filling systems are no longer productive in today’s competitive business environment. To solve this dilemma, the management must integrate technology by installing information system that is capable of addressing business processes and accomplish the goals of the organization in a timely and effective manner (Hanrahan, 2007). This can be achieved by introducing the Local Area Network (LAN) and Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) technology to ensure that the company receives data real time. The LAN is a technology used to interconnect computer networks in a single building (Hanrahan, 2007). The installation of the LAN technology in the company will enhance information sharing, which helps in meet information needs of the management. This is attributed to fact that managers will use the LAN technology to link with other members of the staff, thereby enha ncing the provision of information in a timely manner. The fact that the management will be able to obtain data real time helps in aiding timely decision-making in the company. Therefore, the fact that LAN technology allows management to share data is important and helps meet the informational needs of the management. The MAN technology will also help ensure that the informational needs of management are fulfilled. The MAN technology is important because it interconnects users with computer networks in a wide geographical area (Hanrahan, 2007). This may include different buildings within a city. As a result, MAN will allow the management to share data with users located in different geographical locations without necessarily having to travel to get the information. This is critical since it

Foreign Direct Investment in Japan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Direct Investment in Japan - Assignment Example Traditionally, the Japanese have not encouraged foreign investment, as a matter of fact, they have been hostile towards foreigners investing in their country, especially in the manufacturing sector. Any foreign investment currently coming into Japan is in the service industry, especially hi-tech industries such as pharmaceutical and biotechnology. Japan itself has abundant technologies but is not using these technologies in an appropriate manner (Finance and Investment). The current escalation of the Yen against other global currencies has served to make worse the disparity between Japan’s increasing investment and the dearth of foreign investments into Japan. When the strong Yen is compared with exceptional cultural, it seems that foreign investment in Japan might never increase. The Japanese government is intensifying its efforts to overcome these hurdles and increase foreign direct investment in Japan. Towards this, the government has established the Invest Japan Business Support Center and formulated an all-inclusive, wide-ranging Industry Attraction Plan (Finance and Investment). Making small changes in the law and incentives by the government really help, but the real issues that discourages foreign investors is Japan’s exceptional culture and the barriers between Japanese culture and other Western Cultures which highlights the difference between both forms of capitalism. The difference is that American companies keep the interests of their shareholders as their highest priority; Japanese workers feel that Japanese companies keep the interest of the stakeholders paramount. ... Making small changes in the law and incentives by the government really help, but the real issues that discourages foreign investors is Japan’s exceptional culture and the barriers between Japanese culture and other Western Cultures which highlights the difference between both forms of capitalism. The difference is that American companies keep the interests of their shareholders as their highest priority; Japanese workers feel that Japanese companies keep the interest of the stakeholders paramount. Foreign companies that acquire Japanese companies usually disregard Japanese business culture with the contention since they control the company, business should be done according to their own established ways dominant in the West (Finance and Investment). Western businessmen should revere Japanese culture to address employee apprehensions, while explaining to them the necessity of changing their perceptions. This increases commercial worth and also increases stakeholders’ si gnificance for employees, customers and the community at large. This business model has proved successful in Japan, and the lessons learnt from these successes will encourage foreigner companies to invest in Japan. Companies that adhere to Japanese culture and show concern for their employees have a much better chance of succeeding than companies whose main motive is to generate as much return on investment by sacking employees and selling of company assets (ACCI Journal). Acquisitions that will not meet with resistance Foreign investors were strongly advised not to do business in Japan in an offensive or provoking manner. Better still, it was advised to select areas for investment that will not be

Discussion questions1-4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion questions1-4 - Essay Example Furthermore, piracy would increase since there would be no legal option to downloading digital files. Moreover, DRM is not only beneficial to the publishers, but also to the creators of the digital content since it is responsible for keeping the contents safe. The factor that is more important for the protection of digital intellectual property between strict copyright laws and technology-based protections is the latter. This is because in the contemporary society, technology has recorded various advancements that make enforcements of traditional copyright-dependent business models impossible. As a result, in bid to fight the battle against the inevitable technological advancements, the strict copyright enforcers have used various tactics. However, these tactics, which include attacking the doctrine of fair use, expanding the reach of copyright law and abuse of patent law, have resulted in the products being the most pirated. Hence, to correct this problem, the technology-based protection involves anti-piracy protection measures that make it more secure, sensible and effective than the strict copyright laws (Schlachter, 1997). While selecting the system modeling design, there are various reasons that make system developers opt for use-case modeling. For instance, use case modeling helps manage complexity by allowing the developers focus on one specific usage aspect at a time. Additionally, the use case modeling method provides basic foundation for the test cases, requirements documents, and the user manual. As a result, it encourages the designers to visualize the final outcomes before even attempting to specify them. The biggest challenge to the successful use of use-case modeling is that in using this method, the developers do not address usefulness and usability of the system. Additionally, despite the fact that quality issues are often crucial, the design method does not provide systematic way of handling

MRTP Act: Rise Fall and Need for Change: Eco Legal Analysis

MRTP Act: Rise Fall and Need for Change: Eco Legal Analysis 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Title The title of the project is MRTP Act: Rise, Fall and Need for Change: Eco-Legal Analysis and is part of the submissions to be made for the internal assessment for the course of Economics II. 1.2 Overview of Topic India, in its formative years of freedom, laid down the seeds of socialistic approach towards economic development. Five-year plans were designed with the aim of self-realance and self-sufficiency of the Indian industry and in this process of indigenuity, focus was laid on strong governmental regime to ensure equal and prosperous distribution of resources. One such attempt of the state resulted in the enactment of the MRTP Act, 1969 with the basic aim of comprehensive control over direction, pattern and quantum of investment to ensure that wealth is not concentrated in the hands of the few. However, with the emergence of the new Industrial Policy statement of 1980, a need was felt for promoting competition in domestic market, technological upgradation and modernization which was then followed by the massive New Policy Reforms of 1991 which emphasized attainment of technological dynamism and international competitiveness, by opening up the Indian economy to foreign investment. This could not be met by the Indian industry since it was not in competitive terms with the rest of the world and operated in an over-regulated environment. Hence, as was concluded in the Raghavan Committee Report, 2000  [1]   changes were sought in the competition policies of India and thus, the MRTP Act was laid to rest. This project will trace the performance of the MRTP and point out the faults that led to its failure and thus its repeal by the Competition Act. 1.3 Objective of Project This project is aimed at advocating and analysing the performance of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice Act, 1969 (henceforth, MRTP Act) in the Economic-Legal aspect. The project will primarily analyse the performance of the MRTP Act over the various Industrial development phases (From 1951 to post-1991 Reforms) and then try to establish how and why it paved the way for Competition Act, 2002. Thus, the basic aim is to establish the reasons for the failure of the MRTP and the subsequent reasons for the establishment of the Competition Act. 1.4 Data Set Explanation In the course of this project, the following data-sets have been used: 1) MRTP Commission Data: Depicting the number of cases considered and disposed of by the MRTP Commission in its last years of existence, i.e. from 2002-2004. This data has been computed in the form of Bar-Graph for illustrative purpose. This data has been sourced from the work of Sh. Pradeep S. Mehta, Gen. Sec., CUTS International in A Functional Competition Policy for India published by Academic Foundation, New Delhi, 2005. This data is available online and has been accessed through www.books.google.com [Link has been provided at the concerned graph] 2) Annual Growth Rate of Industrial Production Index: Depicting the trend in the growth of Industrial Production from the Year 1951 to the year 2007. This has been represented in the form of Data-Table, and the data divided into the various Industrial phases. This data has been sourced primarily from the book of S. K. Misra and V. K. Puri titled Economic Environment of Businees, 5th ed, Himalaya Publishing House, 2008. This book is available at the Reference Section of the NALSAR Law Library. This data is originally sourced in the above-mentioned book from: (a) Government of India, Handbook of Industrial Statistics, 1992, Table 50, p.150; (b) S. L. Shetty, Structural Retrogression in the Indian Economy since the Mid-1960s, Economic and Political Weekly, Special Supplement, 1978, Table 4, p. 9; (c) Government of India, Economic Survey, 2000-01, Box 7.1, p.130; (d) RBI, Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, 2000, Table 199, p. 409; (e) Government of India, Economic Survey, 2004-05, Table 7.2, p.142; (f) RBI, Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, 2006-07, Table 237, p. 606 and Table 238, p. 607. 1.5 Research Methodology The methodology adopted in this project is descriptive. The research is based on findings and statistics provided in primary sources like Statistical data and Committee Reports and on secondary sources of books and articles published in journals, hence the methodology adopted is despcriptive in nature. 1.6 Limitations The research is limited to the resources available at the NALSAR Library and the data sets available online and at the NALSAR Library in the manner of Study Reports and Research findings. 2. MRTP: WHY IT WAS ENACTED 2.1 Post-Independence: Socialistic Industrial Regime Structure In the years preceding the enactment of the MRTP Act, 1969, India had only been a free nation for a little more than 15 years. Following independence, it had laid down the formative structure of its governance and organization on the touchstone of socialism. The socialist approach was inherent in the functioning of the government as it preached social and economic equality, which was later adopted in the Preamble to the Constitution of India  [2]  by the 42nd Amendment. In this process, the concept of planned economic development started since the early 1950s. However, this approach did not yield the desired result of socio or economic equality. The initial industrial licensing policies had not borne the planned results- instead, the market and the industries were showing negative trends and wealth was getting concentrated in the hands of the few. This was observed by the Hazari Committee in its 1967 Report on Industrial Planning and Licensing Procedure, 1955 where it found that working of the licensing system had resulted in disproportionate growth of some big industrial house.  [3]   Similarly, the Mahalanobis Committee Report (1964) on Distribution and Level of Income, reported that the top 10% of the population cornered 40% of the income while the 20 of the largest firms in India owned 38% of the total built up capital of the private sector.  [4]   2.2 Emergence of MRTP The previous industrial policies had clearly not worked in the direction the state had hoped for since, post independence many new and big firms had entered the Indian  market and they had little competition and thus, were trying to monopolize the  market. Hence the need for a stricter policy regime was realised to safeguard the welfare of the consumers by removing barriers to competition in the Indian economy, and this resulted in the enactment of the MRTP Act, 1969 which came into force in June 1970. The primary objectives of the Act were listed down in the Preamble as follows:  [5]   i) Regulate the concentration of economic power to the common detriment, ii) Control monopolies and monopolistic trade practices, iii) Prohibit restrictive trade practices, and iv) Regulate unfair trade practices. 2.3 Primary Concepts To understand the objectives of the MRTP and for the understanding of this project, we will first proceed to discuss the primary concepts related to the project topic: 1) Monopolistic Trade Practices Section 2(i) of the MRTP Act, 1969 defines Monopolistic Trade Practice as trade practices that have the effect of preventing or lessening competition in the production, supply or distribution of any goods or in the supply of any services- by misusing ones power to use the  market conditions,  in terms of production and sales of goods and services, and thus abuse its market position- are called monopolistic trade practices. Firms involved in monopolistic trade practice  try to eliminate competition from the  market by taking advantage of their monopoly and charge unreasonably high prices. This in effect leads to deterioration in the product quality and limits technical  development. Thus, such practices are anti-consumer-welfare. 2) Restrictive Trade Practices Activities that firms indulge in that tend to block the flow of capital into production, in order to maximize their own profits and to gain control over the  market- such activities are termed as Restrictive Trade Practices.  [6]  Such firms also control conditions of delivery to affect the flow of supplies leading to unjustified costs of production and distribution- while establishing their monopoly in the market. 3) Unfair Trade Practices Section 36-A of the MRTP Act, 1969 which was inserted on the recommendation of the Sachar Committee Report, laid down as to what may  be termed as  Unfair  Trade Practices:  [7]   False representation and misleading  advertisement  of goods and services. Misleading representation regarding utility, quality and standard of goods and services. Giving false guarantee or warranty on goods and services without adequate tests. False claims or representation regarding  price  of goods and services. Giving false facts regarding sponsorship, affiliation etc. of goods and services. Making false or misleading representations of facts. 2.4 Doctrine of the Act The MRTP Act, 1969 had its origin in the Directive Principles of State Policy embodied in the Constitution of India. Article 39[(b) and (c)] of the Constitution lay down that the State shall direct its policy towards ensuring:  [8]   (i) that the ownership and control of material resources of the community are so distributed as to best serve the common good; and (ii) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment. Thus, the doctrine behind the MRTP Act, 1969 was based on the concept of planned economic development that had started since early 1950s. The Public Sector Industrial (Development Regulation) Act, 1951 and Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 together commanded a comprehensive control over direction, pattern and quantum of investment. However, despite such control that the state exercised through these Acts, these did not entirely benefit the consumers rather, these complex network of controls and regulations fettered the freedom of the enterprises and yielded negative results for the economy. 3. FUNCTIONING AND PERFORMANCE: THE MRTP COMMISSION 3.1 Functions The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission (MRTPC), a quasi- judicial body, was established under Section 5 of the MRTP Act, 1969 to take up action against companies that indulged in monopolistic and unfair trade activities. It discharged functions as per the provisions of the Act. The main functions of the MRTP Commission being: to enquire into and take appropriate action in respect of unfair trade practices and restrictive trade practices. in regard to monopolistic trade practices, to enquire into such practices:  [9]   upon a reference made to it by the Central Government, or upon its own knowledge or information; submit its findings to Central Government for further action. The Office of the Director General of Investigation Registration was created in the year 1984 to perform certain statutory functions and duties under the MRTP Act, 1969 so as to subserve its objective to protect the interests of the consumers in the country.  [10]  The Act was amended from time to time and major amendments took place in the years 1984 and 1991 and these reforms shall be discussed later in this project. 3.2 Mechanism The working of the MRTP Commission can be put down in the following steps: 1) As discussed above, the MRTP Commission was empowered under section 10 of the Act to take either suo motu action or action upon reference by the government, against companies that were deemed to be adopting restrictive, monopolistic or unfair practices. 2) All such trade practices were considered to be prejudicial to public interest. Hence, the onus was on the entity, body or undertaking charged with the perpetration of such trade practices, to plead under the MRTP Act to avoid being indicted. 3) If the pleadings were satisfactory to the Commission and if it was further satisfied that the restriction is not unreasonable, the Commission would arrive at the conclusion that the trade practice is not prejudicial to public interest and discharge the enquiry against the charged party.  [11]  Furthermore, if a trade practice was expressly authorised by any law for the time being in force, the Commission was barred from passing any order against the charged party. 4) Otherwise, if the Commission deemed it to be fit, it could either: a) give temporary injunction, or b) award compensation. 3.3 Illustrative Cases A) Shyam Gas Company Case This was a case where the supply of cooking gas cylinders was in short supply, which led to unfair exploitation of the situation. Shyam Gas Co. was the sole distributor of BPCL for cooking gas cylinder at Hathras (U.P.) which was allegedly engaging in the following restrictive practices: giving gas connections to the customer only when he purchased a gas stove or a hot plate from the company; and charging customers twice the price for supply of fittings and appliances. The MRTP Commission held that the company was indulging in a restrictive trade practice that was prejudicial to the interest of the consumers. B) Bal Krishna Khurana Case This was the first case where a sales promotion organizer was charged under unfair trade practices. The respondent, Bal Krishna was famous all over North India for his selling export quality hosiery at extremely low prices wherein he sold goods worth Rs. 210/- for as low as Rs. 15/- The Commission received complaints from consumers who reported that they were being cheated into buying sub-standard goods. The Commission then put a restraining order against Bal Krishna from organizing any such promotion ventures. In addition, the Commission also advised newspapers against carrying any such misleading advertisements.  [12]   3.3 Performance The MRTP Commissions performance can be understood by looking at the data which shows the functioning of the Commission in its last phase (till 2007), depicting the volume of inquiries commissioned and reliefs awarded. A) Under Restrictive Trade Practices Figure 1: Enquiries Considered and Disposed of by MRTP Commission as of 31.12.2004 (RTP) SOURCE: Computed from data available at- Pradeep S. Mehta, CUTS International, A Functional Competition Policy for India, p. 47, Academic Foundation, New Delhi 2005.  [13]   B) Under Unfair Trade Practices Figure 2: Enquiries Considered and Disposed of by MRTP Commission as of 31.12.2004 (UTP) SOURCE: Computed from data available at- Pradeep S. Mehta, CUTS International, A Functional Competition Policy for India, p. 47, Academic Foundation, New Delhi 2005.  [14]   4. MRTP AND INDUSTRIAL GROWTH RATE: ANALYSIS The objective of this project is to analyse the performance of the MRTP Act, 1969 and then establish why it had to be replaced by a newer Competition Act, 2002. For this purpose, and to establish the shortcomings of the MRTP, we will now consider the Industrial Production Growth Rates during the period starting from 1951 till 2007 (the year MRTP was formally declared to be dysfunctional) and then draw conclusions by contrasting between the stricter regime, pre-1991 reforms and the post-1991 reforms phase of industrial development. 4.1 Industrial Growth Rate: 1951-1980 Table 1: ANNUAL GROWTH RATES OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN INDEX NOS., 1951-1980. Use-Based or Function Classification 1951-55 1955-60 1960-65 1965-74 1974-79 1979-80 1. Basic Goods 4.7 12.1 10.4 6.5 8.4 -0.5 2. Capital Goods 9.8 13.1 19.6 2.6 5.7 -2.3 3. Intermediate Goods 7.8 6.3 6.9 3.0 4.3 1.9 4. Consumer Goods 4.8 4.4 4.9 3.4 5.5 -4.4 (a) Durables 6.2 6.8 5.6 (b) Non-Durables 2.8 5.4 -6.1 GENERAL INDEX 5.7 7.2 9.0 4.1 6.1 -1.6 SOURCE: (1) Government of India, Handbook of Industrial Statistics, 1992, Table 50, p.150; S. L. Shetty, Structural Retrogression in the Indian Economy since the Mid-1960s, Economic and Political Weekly, Special Supplement, 1978, Table 4, p. 9. (2) Accessed in: S. K. Misra and V. K. Puri, Economic Environment of Businees, 5th ed, p. 399, Himalaya Publishing House, 2008. [Available at NALSAR Law Library] 4.2 Industrial Growth Rate: 1981-1991 Table 2: ANNUAL GROWTH RATES OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN INDEX NOS., 1981-1991. Use-Based or Function Classification 1981-85 1985-90 1990-91 1. Basic Goods 8.7 7.4 3.8 2. Capital Goods 6.2 14.8 17.4 3. Intermediate Goods 6.0 6.4 6.1 4. Consumer Goods 5.1 7.3 10.4 (a) Durables 14.3 11.6 14.8 (b) Non-Durables 3.8 6.4 9.4 GENERAL INDEX 6.4 8.5 8.3 SOURCE: (1) Government of India, Handbook of Industrial Statistics, 1992, Table 50, p.150; S. L. Shetty, Structural Retrogression in the Indian Economy since the Mid-1960s, Economic and Political Weekly, Special Supplement, 1978, Table 4, p. 9. (2) Accessed in: S. K. Misra and V. K. Puri, Economic Environment of Businees, 5th ed, p. 400, Himalaya Publishing House, 2008. [Available at NALSAR Law Library] 4.3 Industrial Growth Rate: 1992-2007 Table 3: ANNUAL GROWTH RATES OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN INDEX NOS., 1981-1991. Use-Based or Function Classification 1992-93 to 1996-97 1997-98 to 1996-97 1997-98 to 2001-02 2002-03 to 2006-07 1. Basic Goods 6.8 4.1 6.6 6.7 2. Capital Goods 8.9 4.7 14.4 15.7 3. Intermediate Goods 8.5 5.8 6.2 2.5 4. Consumer Goods 6.6 5.5 9.6 12.0 (a) Durables 13.4 10.7 8.8 15.3 (b) Non-Durables 4.8 3.8 10.0 11.0 GENERAL INDEX 7.4 5.0 8.2 8.2 SOURCE: (1) For Column 2, Government of India, Economic Survey, 2000-01, Box 7.1, p.130; For Column 3, RBI, Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, 2000, Table 199, p. 409; For All Columns 1 4, Government of India, Economic Survey, 2004-05, Table 7.2, p.142; RBI, Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, 2006-07, Table 237, p. 606 and Table 238, p. 607. (2) Accessed in: S. K. Misra and V. K. Puri, Economic Environment of Businees, 5th ed, p. 401, Himalaya Publishing House, 2008. [Available at NALSAR Law Library] 4.4 Comparison of the Phases Now basing on the above data-set, the researcher would now proceed to draw some inferences while considering the economic and social conditions prevailing at the corresponding time in India. 4.4.1 Phase of 1951-1980 1) If one observes closely, the general index (G.I.), the time-band of 1951-55 shows an impressive figure of 5.7 (impressive because India had just gotten independence and was taking its foundational steps in setting up the economy). This rate moves positively as we trace the G.I till the year 1965- where it reaches a peak of 9.0. This is the phase where the Indian economy was controlled by a handful of big business houses, and the government was struggling with its licensing and controlling policies- even in the absence of many players, the industry saw a sharp growth. 2) However, as we move on to the year 1965-76 we see a sharp fall to 4.1 accompanied by sharp falls in the index of basic goods, capital goods and intermediate goods. This is the phase where the unfettered growth of the few business houses could not be controlled and the market had started showing monopolistic trends- and showing falling indexes. More importantly, during the same phase, MRTP was introduced in the year 1969. Though it was implemented to control any monopolistic trends by preventing concentration of wealth in the hands of the few and catalyse competition in the market, it clearly failed in the initial years. The market did not react in a positive manner- the government had started with its nationalization and strict licensing policy. Some economists were of the view that there was a considerable slackening of real investment and this was followed by a decline in private-investment as well. This has been attributed to loss of stimulus for investment, and this possibly stems from the strict regime of MRTP, 1969.  [15]   In addition, other reasons can also be adduced to the fall in the index. Among them: Wars fought in 1965 and 1971 Drought conditions in some of the years between 1965-71 Oil crisis of 1973 3) Though the new policy was slowly starting to yield results, however the growth never really happened and this is evident from the negative trend observed in the phase 1979-80. It only changed after the New Industrial Policy of 1984 which is discussed next. 4.4.3 Phase of 1981-1991 1) The phase of 1981-85 shows a positive growth, in contrast to the preceding decade primarily because of the 1984 reforms. This broadened investment across the public and private sectors, while some level of deregulation was allowed. Most importantly, the cap on MRTP firms (which were subject to special regulation) was increased, which resulted in the more number of small-sized firms to be free from government regulation- thus, in turn leading to an increase in the production of consumer goods- especially durables. Thus, the loosening of government hold on small businesses was returning dividends to the consumers. The Industrial Policy of 1984 made the most significant changes to the Indian market- it reduced the domestic barriers to entry and expansion to inject a measure of competition in domestic industry, simplifying the procedures and providing easier access to better technology and intermediate material imports.  [16]   2) Also, this was the phase when the Green Revolution was yielding positive results and the agricultural sector was seeing a manifold increase in production. 2) This growth rate was successfully sustained over the next decade till the time preceding 1990. However, parallel to this growth was the increase in govt. spending deficit. India had reached a stage where it could lend no more- its Foreign Reserves had dried up and investment in all forms had almost ceased. This was the time when India took the mammoth step of Liberalization with the New Policy Reforms of 1991. 4.4.3 Post 1991 Reforms 1) The New Policy Reforms of 1991 brought about a host of changes to the Indian economy. The most major change being Liberalization- opening up of the market in accordance with the WTO Regime. This not only opened the gates of foreign investment but also brought about domestic policy changes in the licensing and regulation scenario. 2) The greatest change in the market was that made to the MRTP Act. Prior to the 1991 Reforms, a total of 1,854 undertakings were registered under the MRTP Act- of these, 1787 belonged to large industrial houses and remaining 67 were dominant undertakings.  [17]  The New Industrial Policy, 1991 now scrapped the assets limit for MRTP companies- this meant doing away with the requirement of prior approval from Central government for establishing new undertakings, expansions, mergers, amalgamations and takeovers. Thus, the changes brought about in the 1991 Reforms opened up the market in more ways than one. And hence, one can safely conclude that keeping with Indias liberalization, MRTP had become undesirable, rather, an obstacle to the growth story and thus, had to undergo multiple amendments in the period following the 1991 Reforms. In the next chapter, the researcher will continue with this line of thought and bring about the other shortcomings of the MRTP and how it finally came to be replaced. 5. SHORTCOMINGS OF MRTP Continuing from the last chapter, we have observed by comparing the industrial data that over the course of 4 decades from the time MRTP was enacted, the industry reacted in manners not suitable to the consumer. In this chapter, the researcher will discuss the other facets relating to the problems associated with the MRTP. 5.1 Anti-Welfaristic Results Though the MRTP was enforced with the aim of distribution of resources and leveraging of competition in the market, the desired results could not be obtained. Rather, the market conditions turned out to be hostile for the consumer, and small-businesses and big-businesses alike, were subjected to excessive control. The heightened governmental control, where new undertakings and ventures were severely restrained by complex procedures, created conditions wherein the firms, existing and new, found it difficult to survive and thus, could not give back any benefits to the consumer. 5.2 Stringent Provisions The Act aimed at abolishing all acts which were anti-competition. The Act, over the years became very active in taking on firms head-on to make them stand in line with the provisions of the Act. The provisions, though aimed at benefitting the consumers and the industrial growth, often played out tough- and the stringent provisions did not benefit anyone. For instance, the concept of Predatory Pricing, which is still a marketing policy adopted by companies to have an edge over their competitors, was handed down heavily by the MRTP Commission. Predatory Pricing is defined as pricing a good or service below the cost of production of the good or service, with the objective of driving a competitor out of trade or to discipline him and thereby achieve elimination of competition.  [18]  This is a means for a firm with strong market power to eliminate other competitors and then, dominate the market. This is effectively an anti-competitive mechanism, however, it can also be used to drive competition i.e. it can be effectively used to establish a strong competitive market. Examples are ripe in the current market where there are strong competitive conditions for the firms- they have to dole out quality at the best price to keep themselves established in the market, otherwise other competitive firms will drive them out of business. Examples being: A) Tide, a detergent that was introduced in the Indian market in 2000 was successful in breaking into a market which was strongly held by Surf (so much so, that households used to use Surf as a generic term for any kind of detergent). Tide used strong pricing, backed by its robust parent company, predatory in nature, to quickly grab a large market share for itself. It offered quality detergent at a price than the other existing detergents. This in turn made the other companies lower their price and offer better quality. Hence, the consumer emerged the winner from this competitive trend between the detergent makers. B) Tata Docomo, a mobile service provider that rolled out only 2 years back in the Indian market, entered at a time when there were established players in the market like Airtel, Reliance and state-run BSNL. But Docomo with its pricing policy which was unlike the prevailing market conditions, offered calling rates which changed the pulse. The market prior to the arrival of Docomo was based on per/minute charges, but Docomo came up with a per/second policy- thus, forcing other established players to also offer similar rates. Though such strategy was predatory in nature, but it helped in establishing a more competitive market which only went onto help the customers. Thus, the point that the researcher is trying to drive home is that such predatory pricing is not necessarily anti-competitive but rather an agent to bring about better options for the consumer. Hence, this is more beneficial in terms of consumers welfare. However, the MRTP Commission took up a strong case against such pricing and though it aimed at benefitting the market by ensuring fair competition, it instead closed down on the benefits to the customers. Hence, what was then required is a strong, case-by-case basis of handling and not absolute ban on predatory pricing. 5.3 Ambiguity in Law The MRTP Act, 1969 contained only one particular section, Section 2(o) to cover all anti-competition practices- defining Restrictive Trade Practice as a trade practice which prevents, distorts or restricts competition and thus, by defining it in Orcas: Study of Habitat, Types and Social Behaviours Orcas: Study of Habitat, Types and Social Behaviours Introduction Called â€Å"whale killer† by the Spanish sailors, and also as â€Å"killing demon† to The Haida of British Columbia. Whatever it called, mariners have long been astonished by the talent of the large black and white dolphins known as Orcas, or killer whales. The biggest members of the dolphin family, Orcas are one of the most iconic species of cetacean which other marine mammals like whales and porpoises. They are apex predators with no other animals that hunt them, except for humans. Killer whales as a species have a sundry diet, although individual population often specialize in particular types of prey. Some feed exclusively on fish, while other hunt marine mammal. Killer whales can be found though out all oceans from the tropical seas to the freezing Arctic and Antarctic. What is Ontology? Ontology is a theory that relates all the related surrounding to show the relations of the information which concern about the existing organisms in the surrounding. It also related to the metaphysics that is a philosophy branch that deals with a principles that is the first and relates all the concepts likes cause, time, space, being and many more. A part from that, ontology is like a mind map to show how the flow of the living or the nature of being. It will relate to each other and makes others more understand the concept of this philosophy. Moreover, a controlled vocabulary must be use in forming the ontology as will show the relation of one word to another. If not, the ontology structure might not give the user understanding and it will be less valuable. It will be shown in queries of information that link with each other. Furthermore, a controlled vocabulary terms is a must as to the show the accurate definitions and facilitate the accurate and consistent information. Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Cetacea Family: Delphinidae Genus: Orcinus Species: Orca Types There are three types of orcas may be recognizable enough to be considered as different subspecies. The three types may differ in genetics, behaviour, morphology, and ecology. A genetic study suggests that these subspecies has been separated from others killer whales for approximately 750,000 years, which evolution cause them to change separately from each other and creating distinctly physical appearance from each other’s. Main Types Residents Killer Whales The most commonly sighted of the three populations. Resident Killer Whales are noticeably different from both transient and offshore forms. The dorsal fin is rounded at the tip and curved and tapering, or falcate. Resident whales have a variety of saddle patch pigmentations with five different patterns recognized. Theyve been sighted from California to Russia. Resident whales primarily eat fish. Resident killer whales in the North Pacific consist of populations Southern residents, Northern residents, Southern Alaska residents, Western Alaska North Pacific residents. Resident type killer whales occur in large social groups termed pods, which are defined to be groups of whales that are seen in association with one another greater than 50% of the time. The pods represent collections of matrilines (a matriarch and all her descendents), which have been found to be the stable social unit. The Southern Resident killer whale population contains three podsJ, K, and L podsconsidered one stock under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and as a distinct population segment (therefore, species) under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Their range during the spring, summer, and fall includes the inland waterways of Puget Sound (Washington state), Strait of Juan de Fuca (boundary between the United States and Canada), and Southern Georgia Strait (between Vancouver Island and British Columbia, Canada). Their occurrence has also been documented in the coastal waters off of, Oregon, central California, and Queen Charlotte Islands. Relatively little is known about the winter movements and range of the Southern Resident stock. Southern Residents have not been observed associating with other resident whales, and genetic data suggest that Southern Residents rarely, if ever, interbreed with other killer whale populations. Transients Killer Whales These subspecies occur throughout the eastern North Pacific, and have primarily been studied in coastal waters. Their geographic range overlaps that of the resident and offshore killer whales. The dorsal fin of transient whales tends to be straighter at the tip than those of resident and offshore whales.6 Saddle patch pigmentation of transient killer whales is restricted to two patterns, and the large areas of black colour dont mix into the white of the saddle patch that is seen in resident and offshore types. Transient type whales are often found in long-term stable social units of less than 10 whales, smaller than resident social groups. Transient killer whales feed nearly exclusively on other marine mammals. Transients are also referred to as Biggs killer whale in honour of Michael Bigg, who was a Canadian marine biologist who is recognized as the founder of modern research on killer whales. The term has become increasingly common and may eventually replace the transient label. Offshores Killer Whales A third population of killer whales in the northeast Pacific was discovered in 1988. They are similar to resident whales, but can be distinguished generally by features such as their rounded fins with multiple nicks on the edge, smaller overall size, and tendency for males and females to be more similar in size (less sexual dimorphism) Offshores have the largest geographic range of any killer whale community in the north-eastern Pacific and often occur 15 km or more offshore, but also visit coastal waters and occasionally enter protected inshore waters. Animals typically congregate in groups of 20-75 animals with occasional sightings of larger groups up to 200 whales. They are presumed to feed primarily on fish, though they have been documented feeding on sharks. Genetic analyses indicate that offshore killer whales are reproductively isolated from other forms of killer whales. Antarctic Type Antarctic (type A) Killer Whale A large (perhaps to 9.5m), black and white form killer whale. It migrate to Antarctica during austral (summer) where it forages in open (ice free) waters and feeds mainly on minke whales and occasionally elephant seals. During the winter, It probably migrates to lower latitudes, perhaps to the tropics. Pack Ice (large type B) Killer Whale A large, two-toned gray and white form with dark cape pattern and very large eye patch. Often have yellowish cast due to diatoms. Circumpolar, it forages mainly in loose pack ice where it preys on ice seals or Weddell seals, which groups wave-wash off ice floes by creating waves with their tails. Occasionally take Minke whales. Gerlache (small type B) Killer Whale A medium sized, two-toned gray and white form with dark cape pattern and large white eye patch. Often appears yellowish due to diatom infestation. Common around Antarctic Peninsula, especially in Gerlache Strait. Preferred prey unknown but has been feeding on penguins on numerous occasions. Ross Sea (type C) Killer Whale The smallest killer whale known. Adults males reach only 6m. A two-toned gray and white form with a dark grey cape, and often colored yellowish by diatom film. Eye patch is distinctively narrow and slanted. Occurs deep in the pack ice im eastern Antarctica and feeds on fish. Especially common in the Ross Sea. Subantarctic (type D) Killer Whale Recently describe form, known from a dozen sightings. Easily recognized by its tiny eye patch, with rounded head, swept back and pointy dorsal fin. Distributed in subantarctic water and sometimes associated with islands. Preferred prey unknown but reportedly steals fish off long-lines. Morphology A typical killer whale distinctively bears a black back, white chest and sides, and a white patch above and behind the eye. Calves are born with a yellowish or orange tint, which fades to white. It has a heavy and robust body with a large dorsal fin up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. Behind the fin, it has a dark grey saddle patch across the back. Antarctic killer whales may have pale grey to nearly white backs. Adult killer whales are very distinctive and are not usually confused with any other sea creature. The killer whales teeth are very strong and covered in enamel. Its jaws are a powerful gripping apparatus, as the upper teeth fall into the gaps between the lower teeth when the mouth is closed. The front teeth are inclined slightly forward and outward, thus allowing the killer whale to withstand powerful jerking movements from its prey while the middle and back teeth hold it firmly in place. Killer whales are the largest extant members of the dolphin family. Males typically range from 6 to 8 metres (20 to 26ft) long and weigh in excess of 6 tonnes (5.9 long tons; 6.6 short tons). Females are smaller, generally ranging from 5 to 7m (16 to 23ft) and weighing about 3 to 4 tonnes (3.0 to 3.9 long tons; 3.3 to 4.4 short tons). Killer whales have good eyesight above and below the water, excellent hearing, and a good sense of touch. They have exceptionally sophisticated echolocation abilities, detecting the location and characteristics of prey and other objects in their environments by emitting clicks and listening for echoes. Life cycle Female orcas mature usually around age 15. Mothers calve, with usually a single offspring, about once every five years after a 17-month pregnancy. In resident pods, births occur at any time of year, although winter is the most common. Mortality is extremely high during the first six to seven months of life, when 37–50% of all calves die. Killer whales are protective of their young, and other adolescent females often assist the mother in caring for them. Females breed until age 40, meaning on average they raise five offspring. The lifespans of wild females average 50 years, with a maximum of 80–90 years. The females are known to go through menopause and live for decades after they have finished breeding. Males sexually mature at the age of 15, but do not typically reproduce until age 21. Wild males live around 29 years on average, with a maximum of 50–60 years. Captive killer whale lifespans are typically significantly shorter, usually less than 25 years; however, numerous individuals are alive in their 30s, and a few have reached their 40s. Range and habitat The killer whale is the most cosmopolitan of all cetaceans and may be the second-most widely-ranging mammal species on the planet, after humans (Rice 1998). Killer whales can be seen in virtually any marine region, from the equator to polar waters. Although they are generally more common in near shore areas and in higher-productivity areas and/or higher latitudes, there appear to be no hard and fast restrictions of water temperature or depth on their range. The distribution extends too many enclosed or partially-enclosed seas, such as the Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf. However, there are only extralidmital records from the Baltic Sea and no records from the Black Sea. Killer whales may occur in virtually any marine or estuarine habitat but are most common in areas of high marine productivity, particularly at higher latitudes and near shore (Dahlheim and Heyning 1999; Forney and Wade 2006). Sightings range from the surf zone to the open sea. Movements can be extensive. For instance, some killer whales have been documented to have moved between Alaska and central California, a distance of more than 2000 km. In the Antarctic, they readily enter areas of floe ice in search of prey (Pitman and Ensor 2003). Killer whales in some areas congregate seasonally in coastal channels to forage and occasionally enter river mouths. Population Although the available data are far from complete, abundance estimates for the areas that have been sampled provide a minimum worldwide abundance estimate of about 50,000 killer whales. It is likely that the total abundance is higher, because estimates are not available for many high-latitude areas of the northern hemisphere and for large areas of the South Pacific, South Atlantic, and Indian Ocean. However, this population abundance refers to several forms of killer whales that may be recognized as different species or subspecies in the future (Reeves et al. 2004). Behaviours Social structure Unlike other animals, orcas or killer whales are momentous for their complex societies. Besides human, the only other animals with this complex socials structure are elephants and due to their complexity, many of the marine experts are unease about how humane it is to keep orcas in captive situations. Resident killer whales have a complex yet stable social grouping system. Different from other mammal species, resident live their mother for their entire lives. As females could reach age of 90, they could be as many as four generation traveling together forming matrilineal which is very stable. Individuals sometimes separate for only a few hours at a time for mating or forage. Pods, form from loose aggregations of closely related matrilineal which commonly consist of one to four or five matrilineal. Pods may separate for weeks or months at a time, unlike matrilines. One research shows that DNA testing shows that resident males almost always mate with females from other pods. The next rank of resident socials structure is Clans which composed of pods with same dialect. They often mingling with pods from different clans as the clan ranges overlap. The final rank of relationship is called community. It is interpreted as a set of clans that frequently commingle, although they do not share vocal patterns. Vocalizations Same as other cetaceans, orcas depends heavily on underwater sounds for orientation, feeding and communication. Clicks, whistles and pulsed called are the three categories of sounds they produced. Clicks are believed to be used primarily for navigations and discerning prey and other object in the surrounding environment. It is also commonly heard during social interactions. Dialects Orcas dialects are different between pods due to the similarity of the call differentiate one pod from the other. Dialects are usually generated within the orca’s birth pod. Differences between dialects can be not only between pods but between ecotypes, which are specific populations within a species that have a geographical and genetic variability. Intelligence After the sperm whale, orcas have the second-heaviest brains among marine mammals. They have been trained in captivity and described as intelligent. Orcas also often impersonate others, and seem to intentionally teach skills to their younger pod members. People and marine biologist have interacted closely with orcas numerous times and said that the orcas show playfulness, curiosity, and ability to solve problems. Hunting As apex predators, there is nothing that can stop them from hunting and preying on everything. They will eat anything, but not always willingly. Hunting strategies and prey Salmons The main diet of resident orcas but they will hunt and eat smaller and deeper-dwelling fish if they have to. The favourite of the resident orcas is the Chinooks salmons as it has been observed that it make up 65% of all the salmons consumed. Resident also eats lingcod, halibut, squid and other types of fish. Whales Better known as killer whales, it’s this prey which gave them the notorious name. Orcas have dined on whales in all shape and sizes. They will attack eventually anything even the largest animal in the world, the blue whale. But the common victim to this â€Å"wolves of the sea† is the Minke whale. Other whales documented to be attacked by orcas are Fin, Humpbacks, Grey, Bowhead, Sei and even the fearsome Sperm whales. Orcas also often hunt the fragile whale calf. Individuals of the pods take turn tiring the calf by blocking it form re-surfacing to breath witch will slowing suffocate and eventually drowning the calf, while the other distract the mother. They often will only eat the lips and tongue, and let the whale body to sink. In the far north, belugas and narwhals are also have been preyed upon. Porpoises and dolphins Porpoises are faster swimmer than the orcas making it harder to catch. Hunted by the Transient’s attacks, they cooperate by letting one orca to chase the porpoises to flea directly into the pod. Once caught, the orcas will launch the porpoises out of the water by hitting them with their tails. Once too injured to swim away, the orcas will strip the porpoises down to their bones and lungs. Same technique has been observed to be used on bottlenose dolphins. Orcas also use direct chase to catch the dolphins. Sharks With great intelligent, the orcas have figured out to goes above and beyond other oceans notorious predator, the sharks. There even recorded documentary of the Great White falling victim to a pod of orcas. They use their 5-inch-long teeth to grab hold of the sharks fins and turn it upside down underwater witch cause tonic immobility that leaving the shark to suffocate within minutes as they need to move to breath. After the shark had suffocated, then the orcas would start feeding on it. Sea lions, leopard seals, and penguins Orcas have many techniques to catch these preys. The most dramatic is using the wave as cover to caught prey off guard on the beach. Next technique is â€Å"wave-hunting† where orcas will spy-hop to locate any prey on ice floes, and then swim in groups to create waves that washes the prey off the ice and into the water where other orcas lie to snatch the prey. Another method of hunting for orcas is waiting until the prey come to them. They wait at edges of the ice for unsuspecting prey that want to enter the water or slips and fall into the water.