Advertisement and Promotion in Business

Abstract With the increase in competition among different businesses across all industries, it is vital for companies to ensure that they implement ideal promotional strategies to maintain their competitiveness. This paper presents an in-depth analysis on several aspects of business advertisement and promotions. It addresses the scope of marketing strategies, which covers the process of communication in advertisement, the organization of the advertisement industry in the United Kingdom, the regulation of the industry and the current trends in advertising. It also covers the concept of below-the-line advertisement and suggests the promotional strategies that can be used by Pringles, a well renowned snack brand. Introduction Advertisement and promotion play a vital role in the marketing of products and services of any company by increasing brand awareness and attracting customers (Shimp & Andrews, 2013). It is one of the four components of the 4Ps of marketing, which comprise of product, price, promotion and place (Pride, 2013). Whereas there are different approaches to advertising and promotion, they all have the main objective of communicating about what companies have to offer to their target clients (Percy & Rosenbaum-Elliott, 2012). With the ongoing increase in competition across all industries, companies that fail to advertise or promote their products and services risk losing their competitive edge regardless of how proper the other elements of the marketing mix are (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). This paper covers different issues of advertisement and promotion. These include the marketing communications’ scope and below the line advertisement approaches that can be used to promote Pringles, one of their products. It also designs a plan for an integrated promotional strategy for Pringles. Task 1 – Scope of Marketing Communications1. Explain the communication process that applies to advertising and promotion.Communication in advertisement and promotion aims to ensure that that the messages that businesses intend to pass to their consumers are effectively relayed (Shimp & Andrews, 2013). There are different steps through which these messages undergo before arriving to their target audiences. In promotion and advertisement, the sender – in this case, the advertising company – encodes the message and relays it through a transmission device (Wharton, 2013). Encoding is the creative creation of cues that can either be verbal or non-verbal that will pass the intended message to customers in the most effective manner and also attract the highest possible attention among the target customers (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). After the message has been encoded, ideal transmission devices or avenues are used to pass the message (Wharton, 2013). With the different customer segments being targeted by companies, it is important to select the most ideal avenue through which the advertisement can be passed (Pride, 2013). The message is then decoded by the receiver, where it will trigger different actions in response to the advertisement, which include making purchases of the advertised products or services (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). Whereas companies expect the communication processes of advertisements to lack barriers, there are several that may limit the attainment of the intended advertisement objectives (Wharton, 2013). One of these is the presence of many other adverts by competing companies that may divide the attention of target consumers this is mainly referred to as clutter (Kaser, 2012).2. Explain the organisation of the advertising and promotions industry.The advertising and promotions industry com prises of different entities. These include advertisers, advertising agencies, media organizations and external facilitators (Friedlein, 2014). The roles played by all these parties contribute towards the success of the industry. To ensure effectiveness of this industry, different countries have different approaches of managing these involved parties (O’guinn et al., 2011). In the United Kingdom and Europe, there are different bodies that are involved in the running of the industry. These include the European Association of Communications Agencies (EACA), and the Promotional Marketing Council (PMC) (Warc, 2014). EACA represents media agency associations and full-service advertising across Europe (EACA, 2014). It is based in Brussels, Belgium, and focuses on the promotion for responsible effective and honest advertisement. The organisation also promotes high levels of professionalism and fosters close cooperation among different advertisers, agencies and media outlets in Europ e. PMC, on the other hand, represents the sales promotion industry. Some of the parties represented include suppliers, clients and agencies across several countries in Europe (Warc, 2014).3. Assess how promotion is regulated.Regulation involves the creation or certain rules and regulations to govern different activities in advertisement and promotion. In the United Kingdom, an advertising self-regulatory system for non-broadcast advertising was set up in UK in 1961. This step was taken to ensure that advertisements are responsible and achieve the purpose of making customers aware of products and their repurchase of the products. The UK regulates the promotion industry by using a combination of practice and legislation codes (Advertising Standards Authority, 2014). There are two regulatory committees that create, revise and monitor advertising codes. These are the Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice (BCAP) and the Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP). The BCAP code creates broadcast advertising rules while CAP creates rules for non-broadcasting advertising, direct marketing and sales promotion (Farrell & Gordon, 2012). These rules are enforced by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA). With the changes that are always taking place in advertising, these rules are regularly revised to increase effectiveness (Kaser, 2012). However, keeping up with this pace is quite challenging because of the increase in advertisement avenues that has been made possible by technological advancements. As a result, increasing numbers of customers are falling prey to advertisers that advertise inexistent or poor quality products (Cho et al., 2014).4. Examine current trends in advertising and promotion, including the impact of ICT.The current trends in advertising and promotion have majorly been influenced by the increase in the use of the internet and social networking among target customers, which has largely been as a result of ICT development (Friedlein, 2014). There are various internet related trends in product advertising and promotion. These trends include; social media, online display advertising and mobile advertising. Advertisements on the social media, such as Facebook and Twi tter, are on the rise and are referred to as sponsored content (Seth & Kapoor, 2014). Companies are taking advantage of the growing number of people using these avenues because in total, there are approximately 2 billion people signed up to different social media platforms (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Online display marketing is on the rise, and involves the advertisement of company websites on other websites that target consumers frequently use (Kaser, 2012). According to Persaud and Azhar (2012), an increase in the use of smartphones has also given rise to internet mobile advertising. This is where advertisers reach consumers personally through platforms, such as social media or sending links to company websites, in the form of text messages (Persaud & Azhar, 2012). Whereas these developments provide a convenience of reaching a wide range of clients in a short time and on a smaller budget, there are also different associated demerits (Friedlein, 2014). One of these is the information risk that customers and companies may be prone to because of hacking (Cho et al., 2014). Social media has been regarded by some researchers as one of the fastest avenues through which information passes. Thus, any mistake by a company that may tarnish its reputation can be detrimental to its brand (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Task 3: Primary techniques of below-the-line technique of sales promotion1. Explain primary techniques of below-the-line promotion and develop a BTL campaign for the brand, â€Å"Pringles†Below-the-line promotionBelow-the line advertisement is a promotional strategy that tends to use other mediums apart from the typical ones like the internet, broadcast, print and billboards (Kaser, 2012). Many companies in the present-day business environment utilize this strategy alongside above-the-line and through-the-line advertisement (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). One of the main attributes of this approach to advertisement is that it is less expensive. However, many companies combine this with above-the-line promotions so as to maintain a better market position, below-the-line promotion being just as complement (Gautam, 2013). Several below-the-line advertisement techniques are discussed hereunder. Field marketing or promotion: It is a process through which salespeople target customers on a one-on-one basis with the aim of promoting certain products and services (Stone & Desmond, 2007). One of the advantages of this approach is that it provides customers with a close interaction with the product being promoted and the salesmen. However, this is time consuming and some customers may not be quite welcoming to the salespeople (Sigala, 2010). The use of coupons: this below the line approach to promotion involves handing coupons to prospective purchasers of commodities and offering incentives or discounts to attract customers, especially those who are price-sensitive (Wharton, 2013). Given that such approaches often offer product at reduced prices for a short duration, there is always a risk of reduced sales when the company resumes its original prices (Kumar & Rajan, 2012). Loyalty programs: These are packages that offer rewards to the frequent buyers of commodities due to their loyalty to the retail outlets (Grewal et al., 2011). Such programs are common in the airline industry, where frequent flyers of a given airline numbering a specified number of flights are awarded for their loyalty in different ways, which may also include free flights. These programs are however more ideal for customers with easy accessibility to the company products (Kaser, 2012).A below-the-line campaign for PringlesPringles is a potato and wheat manufactured snack owned and run under the Kellogg Company (Pringles, 2014). Below-the-line advertisement can be used to compliment the current promotional strategies used. One of the below-the-line approaches that can be used to market Pringles is the field promotion or field marketing approach. To effectively implement this promotional strategy, it is vital for the company to recruit salespeople that have the experience and skills needed to enable them convince people they have never met before to choose the Pringles over competing products in the market (Kaser, 2012). Small samples ought to be distributed for free or be sold at a lower price. Considering that the company mainly targets teenagers and students (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2010), it is advisable for the company to use younger salespeople who are more aware of how to approach and appeal to teenagers. The most ideal places that promoters of this product can target are those with high population of teenagers, like schools, colleges or recreational parks. Though this marketing approach provides an excellent avenue for building a relationship between the target customers and the brand, companies have to invest heavily in training salespeople or promoters to enable them deal with customers of diverse tastes and backgrou nds (Sigala, 2010).2. Evaluate other techniques that can also be used in this BTL campaign.Apart from the above below-the-line approach that can be used by Pringles, there are several other methods that may be adopted to boost sales and promote the product. They are examined below. Pringles can use the Intercept method, where trained sales personnel are positioned at retail outlets besides the shelves holding Pringles in retail stores and supermarkets (Stone & Desmond, 2007). Their main role is to persuade incoming buyers into the stores to purchase Pringles by highlighting their advantages over other competing products. Whereas this approach can increase the sales for the company, it has been criticized for causing impulse buying among customers (Pride, 2013). Sponsorship is also an ideal below the line promotional strategy that can be used by Pringles. This is whereby the company supports events and activities through provision of funds and other resources that are valuable to the success of the event (Woisetschlager & Michaelis, 2012). For Pringles, this strategy can be implemented by sponsoring sports for schools and youth concerts. Awareness of the company or products can be increased by ensuring by printing T-Shirts, caps or any other apparel to be worn by those attending the event. Even with this convenience that the strategy offers to customers, it can be quite cost intensive for the company depending on the size or magnitude of the event being sponsored (Lee et al., 2012). This may have an adverse impact on the company’s return on investment. Task 4: Plan Integrated Promotional Strategies1. Follow an appropriate process for the formulation of a budget for this integrated promotional strategyAn integrated promotional strategy refers to an approach to promotion where a company uses different avenues to and tools to increase the awareness of products (Kaser, 2012). This section presents a plan for a promotional strategy that can be used to market Pringles. Even with the current success that it enjoys across the markets that it operates (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2010), there is still a need for the company to penetrate more in the market and further increase its market share. To implement a successful promotional strategy, it is vital for the company to identify the resources or activities that will be involved. After they are identified, the appropriate budgetary allocation will be done to facilitate the strategy (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). The avenues that will be used in this promotion strategy are TV commercials, billboards and online advertisement through social media outlets. The budget is summarized as below. Promotional TechniquesBudget allocation TV commercials?1 million Billboards?100,000 Social media promotion YouTube video advertisements?50,000 Facebook?50,000 Twitter?50,000 Total?1.25 million 2&3: Carry out the development of a promotional plan for the Pringles and plan the integration of promotional techniques into the promotional strategy for PringlesThe table above represents the promotional techniques that will be used in the promotion of Pringles. TV commercials will be used by airing advertisements of the product on channels that air programs that are mostly viewed by the company’s target customers, who are teenagers and the youth (Saxena, 2010). The most ideal channels on which to air these advertisements are music or sports channels. Billboards will be effective if they are located in areas that are densely populated and are located close to outlets of the products. With an increasing number of people who have signed up on Facebook and Twitter social networks, advertising products on these sites also increases their visibility among the target audience (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). It also enables the company to actively engage with the customers that it is tar geting. Thus, it will be imperative for Pringles to consider utilizing these avenues for promotion.4. Appropriate techniques for measuring campaign effectivenessThere are different approaches that can be used by companies in measuring the effectiveness of their promotional campaigns. One of these is the amount of feedback from customers. This is usually mainly in form of inquiries through different avenues about the product being marketed (Pride, 2013). When inquiries are high, it means that the advertisement strategy was effective, and vice versa. Another approach that can be used is the estimation of sales prior to and after the launch of the promotional campaign or the return on investment (ROI) (Kaser, 2012). Successful promotional campaigns ought to result in an increase in sales levels of the company and create revenues that surpass the investment that was put in the promotional activity. For social media advertisements, tools such as SentiStrength can be used to assess the re ception of consumers to the advertisements. SentiStrenth is a sentiment measuring tool that evaluates the level of positivity or negativity of short texts that are mainly used in commenting on social media sites (SentiStrength, 2014). Conclusion Advertisement and promotion are vital components of the marketing mix. Some of the roles that they play include increasing of awareness among target customers about a company’s products and attracting new customers. This paper has addressed different issues that relate to this component of marketing. Under the scope of marketing communications, the paper has explained how the communication works process in promotion. It has also discussed how the organisation and regulation of the advertisement industry in the United Kingdom. The concept of below-the-line advertisement and an integrated promotional strategy that can be used to market Pringles have also been presented. For companies that intend to maintain their competitiveness in the market and attract a wide range of customers, it s vital for them to ensure that their promotional strategies are relevant to their target audiences. Whereas this paper has provided an in-depth understanding on the concepts of advertising and prom otion, in future, primary research can be incorporated, with members of the marketing department and a section of its target customers as respondents. References Advertising Standards Authority, 2014. About Regulation. [Online] Available at: http://www.asa.org.uk/About-ASA/About-regulation.aspx [Accessed May 2014]. Cho, S., Huh, J. & Faber, R.J., 2014. The influence of sender trust and advertiser trust on multistage effects of viral advertising. Journal of Advertising, 43(1), pp.100-11. EACA, 2014. About Us. [Online] Available at: http://www.eaca.eu/ [Accessed 31 May 2014]. Farrell, T. & Gordon, R., 2012. Critical social marketing: investigating alcohol marketing in the developing world. Journal of Social Marketing, 2(2), pp.138-56. Friedlein, A., 2014. Six trends in advertising you need to know for 2014. [Online] Available at: http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/opinion/ashley-friedlein/six-trends-in-advertising-you-need-to-know-for-2014/4009135.article [Accessed May 2014]. Gautam, A., 2013. A study on (below the line) promotion strategies of telecom industry in western (Up) circle (India) with special reference to Reliance Communication. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(22), pp.74-79. Gillespie, K. & Hennessey, ?.D., 2010. Global Marketing. Mason: Cengage Learning. Grewal, D. et al., 2011. Innovations in retail pricing and promotions. Journal of Retailing, 87, pp.43-52. Kaser, K., 2012. Advertising and Sales Promotion. Mason, USA: Cengage Learning. Kumar, V. & Rajan, B., 2012. Social coupons as a marketing strategy: a multifaceted perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), pp.120-36. Lee, D.-C., Hung, L.-M. & Chen, M.-L., 2012. Empirical Study on the Influence among Corporate Sponsorship, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Cohesiveness and Turnover Intention. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 2(2), pp. 43-53 Mishra, P., 2009. Sales Management: Keys to Effective Sales. New Delhi: Global India Publications. O’guinn, T., Allen, C. & Semenik, R., 2011. Advertising and integrated brand promotion. Mason: Cengage Learning. Percy, L. & Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., 2012. Strategic Advertising Management. Oxford: Oxford University press. Persaud, A. & Azhar, I., 2012. Innovative mobile marketing via smartphones: are consumers readyMarketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(4), pp.418-43. Pride, W.M., 2013. Marketing 2014, 17th ed. Mason: Cengage Learning. Pringles, 2014. Products. [Online] Available at: http://www.pringles.co.uk/products [Accessed 31 May 2014]. Reynolds, P. & Lancaste, ?G., 2013. Marketing. New Jersey: Routledge. Saxena, R., 2010. Marketing Management 4E. London: McGraw-Hill Education. SentiStrength, 2014. Sentiment Analysis. [Online] Available at: http://sentistrength.wlv.ac.uk/results.php?text=Luois+Vuitton+have+nice+clothes+but+i+hate+their+prices&submit=Detect+Sentiment [Accessed 19 May 2014]. Seth, S. & Kapoor, K., 2014. Fostering Creativity & Innovation In Marketing Communication through Social Media. The International Journal Of Business & Management, 2(1), pp.19-24. Shimp, T. & Andrews, J.C., 2013. Advertising promotion and other aspects of integrated marketing communications. Mason: Cengage Learning. Sigala, M., 2010. The Handbook of Field Marketing: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Outsourcing Face-to-face Direct Marketing. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19(1), pp.67-68. Stone, M.A. & Desmond,J ?., 2007. Fundamentals of Marketing. London: Routledge. Tuten, T.L. & Solomon, M.R., 2012. Social Media Marketing. New York: Prentice Hall. Warc, 2014. Promotional Marketing Council. [Online] Available at: http://www.warc.com/ContentandPartners/PromotionalMarketingCouncil.info [Accessed May 2014]. Wharton, C., 2013. Advertising as Culture. Bristol: Intellect. Woisetschlager, D.M. & Michaelis, M., 2012. Sponsorship congruence and brand image: A pre-post event analysis. European Journal of Marketing, 46(3/4), pp.509-23.

Victoria Secret

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This allows the company to track and analyze sales, which in turns helps to improve research.In addition , it is important to use the existing physical stores at Resorts World Sentosa and Changi Airport to showcase new products catered specially to the local market. Performance audit and brand tracking can be done to identify areas of improvement as well as testing the feasibility of the strategies used. Evaluating the performance would help Victoria’s Secret to decide if the company should continue with the geographic expansion strategy and also identify areas that may enhance its expansion efforts. Establish strong brand presence in the regionFull penetration into the Asian market can be done through setting up of physical stores in prime shopping district in the region, namely, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, Singapore and Shanghai. Victoria’s Secret can also adopt a transnational strategy which strives to optimize the trade-offs associated with efficiency, local adaptation and learning. Local responsiveness can be maintained through periodic brand audits to ensure success in the geographic expansion strategy. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ————————————————- Target Segment: Male (Sample Size: 57) Brand AwarenessA) Brand Recall Victoria’s Secret and Triumph received the highest brand recall rate when respondents were asked to list the brand(s) of lingerie they knew. This is followed by Wacoal and La Senza. B) Brand Recognition When asked if there were aware of these brands, Victoria’s Secret and Triumph enjoy high brand recognition with 96% and 98% followed by Wacoal (68%) and La Senza(65%). C) Effectiveness of Existing Communication Channels The male respondents indicate that they know the brand through its fashion show (67%), their female (58%) and male friends (36%) and features on magazine (47%).Respondents also quoted having seen its online catalogs (24%) and physical stores (27%). However, only 24% of the respondents have seen its fa shion shows. 11% has visited the brand’s website while only 2% indicated that they own its catalogs. Brand Reponses When asked about their previous purchases, only 14% of the male respondents have purchase lingerie for their partners before. Out of these purchases, 75% were brought on impulse while 38% were for birthdays and surprise gifts. In assessing their intention to buy for their partners in the future, 68% indicated that they would buy lingerie for their partners in the future.They also indicated that they would most likely to buy for their partners as a birthday (31 respondents out of 39), anniversary (30 respondents out of 39) and surprise gifts (35 respondents out of 39). To make these purchases, 77% would head down to the stores, 54% would make their purchases online while 46% would get help from their female friends to make the purchases. Brand Resonance In assessing their loyalty to a brand, 29 out of 39 respondents indicated that they will not stick to one brand . To choose a brand, 73% would look at the design and 68% would take into account the accessibility of the stores.In addition, 51% would also look at the price of the lingerie. This indicate low brand resonance among the male respondents. Target Segment: Females (Sample Size: 74) Brand Awareness A) Brand Recall When respondents were asked to list the brand(s) of lingerie they knew, Triumph received the highest brand recall rate. This is followed by Victoria’s Secret, Wacoal, Pierre Cardin, La Senza and Calvin Klein. B) Brand Recognition When asked if there were aware of these brands, Triumph enjoys the highest brand recognition of 100%, followed by La Senza and Victoria’s Secret with 95% each.C)  Effectiveness of Existing Communication Channels 62% of the female respondents are aware of Victoria’s Secret outlet in Singapore. However, most of them know it through word-of-mouth (69%) and only 33% know it through advertisement and 7% through its campaign. Brand R eponses A)  Brand Price Perception 41% of the respondents think that a fair price for a piece of Victoria’s Secret lingerie should be within $20-$50, while 45% of them said it should be within $51-$90. B)  Brand Quality Perception The respondents believe that Victoria’s Secret provides good quality and a variety of lingerie, with a mean of 3. 4 and 3. 57 out of 5 respectively. C)  Purchase Intention 81% of the respondents do not own Victoria’s Secret lingerie with 54% of them explaining that it is too expensive and 36% indicated that they are not sure where to buy them from. However, 82% of the respondents indicated that they would consider purchasing Victoria’s Secret lingerie in the future and 63% said they would buy it for special occasion. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS The female respondents rated sexiness and confidence as the 2 most favourable associations.However, the superior and romantic image of the brand is less favourable but the result has low consistency among respondents, as shown by their high standard deviation (>0. 75). This shows that Victoria’s Secret has room for improvement in order to emerge as a favourable brand among others. Victoria’s Secret has a relatively high level of uniqueness. The association with â€Å"sexiness† scores the highest, with a mean of 4. 07, followed by â€Å"stylishness† and â€Å"confidence†. Hence, Victoria’s Secret can advertise the feeling of sexiness, confidence and stylishness as everyday essentials to reach out to a larger target market and boost its sales.Conclusion According to the findings from the survey targeted at female, the association with sexiness scored high on all three elements. This indicates that Victoria’s Secret should continue to market towards that direction. Secondly, the association with superiority and exclusiveness scored generally low on all three elements. Victoria’s Secret has to improve on these asso ciations, either through various marketing efforts or by tapping onto the stronger attributes, as they are associations that the brand aims to represent as well.

In what way can gender be understood to inform the consumption of film Essay

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Consumptive Tourism and Sustainability - Essay Example This essay discusses that ecotourism is considered to be non-consumptive use of the environment. However, many researchers and people within the industry consider some forms of consumptive tourism to also be ecologically sound, and to aid in the protection of the environment. Wildlife tourism is becoming increasingly popular as society becomes more highly urbanised and less natural habitat is available, particularly for those from the western world. Tourists exhibit a growing desire to directly interact with the natural environment, particularly environment that is relatively untouched by humans. Wildlife is a relatively recent term, and has only been included in dictionaries since 1961. The exact use of the term depends on the context, and it is often used with strong emphasis on game animals. However, a more general definition considers wildlife to included non-domesticated vertebrates, and can also include some invertebrates and plants if they are considered to be important. Human s have shown an increasing interest in being near, and interacting with the natural environment, particularly wildlife. This has cumulated in a high interest in wildlife tourism. Wildlife tourism exists in both consumptive and non-consumptive forms. For example, non-consumptive wildlife tourism includes activities such as animal watching, habitat and nature-based tours. Consumptive forms of ecotourism include activities such as sport and trophy hunting, and actively remove animals from the environment. However, despite that fact that this form of tourism is often viewed as being detrimental to the environment, supporters argue that this is actually more beneficial for the environment than non-consumptive forms of tourism (Novelli et al., 2006). Moral standpoint One of the strong arguments against consumptive tourism is that animals should never be killed for personal pleasure or satisfaction. People in developed society tend to reject consumptive tourism as a potential means of sust ainability as the result of moral objections. The perception is that there should be no forms of wildlife use that involve killing. Because of this perception, animal rights organisations place strong pressure on the governments of developing countries to prevent all forms of tourism that involve killing (Novelli et al., 2006). Economic viability Consumptive tourism requires a large area of the environment to be successful. Wildlife viewing and other forms of non-consumptive tourism requires only a small geographical area to be effective, and consequently the return per unit of land is much higher than that of consumptive touris

Design Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Design Proposal - Assignment Example John Hopkins evidenced based model provides a strong and powerful problem-solving approach when making decision in the clinical setting. Tools that are user-friendly accompany it. The tools are for guiding group and individual users. Nurses should utilize the model because it has been designed to attain  the needs of the  nurse  practising. It is a very important framework that guides the synthesis and translation of evidence into clinical practice. Mechanically ventilated patients are susceptible to pneumonia resulting in a higher rate of getting complications and mortality. There is an increased risk of acquiring nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients due to supine positioning. As a result of acquiring nosocomial pneumonia, the cost involved in treatment increases and the length of hospitalization is also increased. Patients  critically ill in  the  ICU  are at a risk of dying from their critical illness as well as a secondary process such as nosocomial pneumonia. Nosocomial pneumonia affects 28 percent of the critically ill patients with an incidence rate of 6 to 10 cases in 1000 hospital admissions. For this reason, proper patient positioning is very essential. Collaboration  and teamwork are  crucial  to the success of the project. My team will be composed of five key members. Among them will include an intensive care doctor with training on  care  of  the critically ill patients and a registered critical care nurse with special training in critical care of the critically ill patients. The two specialists will provide resourceful knowledge on care of the patients. A nurse educator will also be incorporated in the team to provide education on the importance proper positioning of the patients and an ICU respiratory therapist who are important in patient rehabilitation to recovery from respiratory conditions. The last team member will be a physiotherapist who will be focused on promoting

CFD Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

CFD Assignment - Coursework Example Please note that the University enforces a penalty of zero percent for work submitted after the published deadline without valid extenuating circumstances (see University student handbook on the portal for details). Intended outcomes – By the end of this coursework, you should be able to: Carry out a CFD simulation using ANSYS Workbench/CFX, demonstrating ability to import geometry, produce a mesh, set up and solve a simulation and effectively post-process results. Evaluate grid-dependency of a solution and demonstrate the process of finding a grid-independent solution. Demonstrate ability to compare CFD results with published experimental data, and critically evaluate results with reference to relevant literature. Recognise capabilities and limitations of a CFD analysis in a particular application. Present results of a CFD analysis clearly and concisely, with appropriate output from CFD-Post. Aim To use ANSYS CFX to simulate the flow around a two-dimensional NACA 642-015 aero foil section at a 5o angle of attack and to assess the accuracy of the simulation. Problem specification It is important to understand the lift and drag characteristics of aerofoil sections when designing devices such as aircraft (wings and tails) or yachts (rudders and keels). Traditionally, foil theory has been used to give performance estimates, along with extensive experimental testing. More recently, CFD has become another possible option when investigating foil performance. In reality, foils exhibit three-dimensional performance, because flow around the tip of the foil affects lift and drag. However, it is useful to determine performance of a two-dimensional foil – that is one that is so long (approaching infinite length) that the effects of flow around the tip are negligible. You are going to use CFD to simulate a 2-d foil, and compare your results to those obtained experimentally in a wind tunnel, detailed in a NACA paper from 1945. Instructions You will not be writin g a formal report for this project. Instead, you will work through this document (using it as a template), adding content and answering questions as instructed. You will then submit the completed document for assessment. Note that answers/images, etc. do not have to fit into the space provided – insert extra space as necessary, but keep answers concise. Carry out the steps as follows: Carry out a basic CFD simulation (named â€Å"Run_1†) of a NACA 642-015 foil noting the following: The foil geometry has been created in SolidWorks for you – the file aerofoil_CW_2011.SLDPRT can be found on the DSGN313 Tulip site under CFD Coursework. The file Aerofoil_Instructions_2011.doc (also on the portal) explains how to modify the geometry parameters using SolidWorks. Note that it is down to you to modify dimensions to set the extents of your domain in all directions, and to set your foil chord and angle of attack – don’t just run with the dimensions given to y ou. Your simulation should be for a 5o angle of attack, and a 24 inch chord length (for comparison against the NACA experimental data). You should run your simulation at a Reynolds number of 6x106. Note that the length scale used in the Reynolds number is the chord length of the airfoil section in the model. Use ‘Water’ as the fluid and assume that the flow is incompressible, steady, isothermal and turbulent. Use the k-? turbulence model. Run_1 should be a coarse, unrefined mesh purely to get your simulation working (you

Oliver Cromwell Hero or Villian Essay Example for Free

Oliver Cromwell Hero or Villian Essay Hero = good guy, who did good things, and made life better for all of us. Lots of people (including me) say this. Things we mention to prove it include: 1. He set up the New Model Army which won the Civil War.. 2. He defeated the Scots AND the Irish. 3. He got people to behead the king, and made Parliament the ruler of the kingdom he is sometimes called the daddy of democracy. Hows about that for a hero? 4. He abolished bear-baiting, and punished drunkenness. 5. He allowed Jews to return to start living in England (in this he was way ahead of his time). . He built up the British navy this was the start of Britannia rules the waves. 7. He captured Jamaica from the Spanish the beginning of the British Empire. 8. He was a good, decent family man, who enjoyed a joke and was kind to his children. Villain = bad guy, who did bad things, and made life worse for everybody. Some silly, mistaken people say this. This they mention are: 1. He signed the order that put Charles I to death (and some daft people think this was a bad thing) 2. He took power straight after the Civil War. He made himself Lord Protector and used army officers called Major Generals to rule the country (ie he turned Britain for a time into a military dictatorship) 3. He introduced laws to make people behave in a Christian way some people say he was a killjoy. 4. He put down a rebellion in ireland very cruelly (especially he allowed his soldiers to massacre the Irish soliders when he captured the towns of Drogheda and Wexford).

Claire Danes Essay Example for Free

Claire Danes Essay To what extent do you agree with this point? I think Luhrmanns film version of Romeo Juliet brings Act 1 Scene 5 to life exceptionally well. His choice of setting, type of music, designs of costumes, and other film directions and language use portray the original Shakespeare version marvellously. Firstly, the scene and setting. Baz Luhrmann has chosen a brilliant location to house the party. The royal look to the Capulet mansion really shows off what life would have been for the people back in the day, especially people as rich and alike in dignity as the Capulets. It is an enormous house, suggesting that life back then for the rich was very grand, and I believe Luhrmann brings this out brilliantly. There is also a very lively, upbeat atmosphere, stating that back in the olden days, people would like to loosen up and enjoy such divine occasions, with a lot going on. The fireworks, with an array of varying colours, being set off outside of the house also states the lively, celebratory, and happy atmosphere inside, in spite of Tybalt and Romeo being in the same house. The chirpy singing by Mercutio also vindicates my point. Secondly, Baz Luhrmanns use of music is very intricately chosen. At the very start of the party, we can clearly see Mercutio very lively and upbeat, dancing and singing along to a very apt, upbeat song, showing off the party atmosphere amongst everyone in the mansion. As we get further in into the play, we get a very slow, engaging piece of music played when Romeo and Juliet first meet (through a fish tank! ), whilst Luhrmann has decided to drain out the party atmosphere noises in the background. This slow, indulging, romantic music symbolises the first encounter of Romeo and Juliet. Luhrmann has effectively chosen this music, and this really brings out the romantic, love-at-first-sight feel to it all, and it makes us, the audience, engage into the film, and maybe even allows us to relate it to ourselves, as if we were there, within the action. The music seemed to be a bit Heavenly, where everything would be perfect between Romeo and Juliet, and it felt like love was in the air. Then, when the Nurse pulls Juliet away, the party atmosphere with people talking immediately comes back, making the audience divert the attention back onto the wider picture, but, more subtly, it makes us, as the very eager audience, want to know more about how Romeo and Juliet will pan out from there. At times, there is the slow, depressing music, when Juliet would look back at Romeo whilst being dragged away by the Nurse, and Romeo would hurry up to catch up with Juliet. On a more general note, we can all feel the anger then Tybalt finds out that Romeo is a Montague, with the more thunderous, down-to-Earth, music being played. Thirdly, another key aspect Luhrmann used to make this film so brilliant in my opinion is his choice of clothing. We can clearly get a feel of how grand the Capulets were. Lady Capulet wore a gold dress, showing how high in status she was. Capulet, likewise being so high in status, wore a plush purple robe at the formal event, showing that they were very rich and liked to flaunt what they had. Interestingly, Paris seemed to be wearing some sort of astronaut, spaceship costume. This might suggest that he was pretty smart, rich, high in status too, and quite proud of himself, as stereotypically, I see astronauts like that, as it is a very grand, albeit difficult, job to take on, and so Paris might have thought very fondly about himself. The wings on Juliets back might also suggest to us viewers that Juliet was the angelic, good-girl type of character, who would want everything to be right for herself. Romeos knight suit also caught my attention. Again stereotypically, I associate knights in shining armour as the sort of people who would always come to the rescue and save the day, and would woo people away.

Digital Signal formatting

Digital Signal formatting Introduction: Digital Signal formatting is the process of transforming information from one format into another.. This is often used in many digital devices and for communication processes. A digital system is a data technology that uses discrete (discontinuous) values. By contrast, non-digital (or analog) systems use a continuous range of values to represent information. Although digital representations are discrete, the information represented can be either discrete, such as numbers, letters or icons, or continuous, such as sounds, images, and other measurements of continuous systems. Now we discuss about in the detail signal format in digital systems. Non-return-to-zero format: One of the simplest ways to transmit digital data is by having a separate clock and data line. In this approach, a clock signal of constant frequency is synchronised with its corresponding data. Depending upon the preference of the designer, the data is either latched on the rising or falling edge of the clock. For a given data signalling rate that is the bit rate, the NRZ code have requires only one half of the band-width required by the ing. When we used to show data in an asynchronous communication scheme, the absence of a neutral state requires other methods for data backup to replace method used for error detection when using synchronization data when a separate clk signal is available here. NRZ Level itself is not a synchronous system but besides encoding that can be used in either a synchronous or asynchronous transmission environment that is with or with out an external clock signal involved in it. Because of that it is not strictly important to discuss how the NRZ-Level encoding act as on a clock edge and during a clock cycle since all transitions happen in the given amount of time represents the actual implied integral clock cycle. The real question is that of sampling the high/low state be received correctly provided the transmission line has stabilizes for that bit when the physical line level is sampled at the receiving end. However may be it is handy to see NRZ transitions as happening on the trailing clock edge in order to compare NRZ-Level to other encode methods such the given Manchester coding which require clock edge information and to see the difference between the NRZ Mark and NRZ Inverted signals. Uni-polar Non-Return-to-Zero Level: One is represents by the one physical level Zero is represented by an other levels which is a + voltage level. In the clock language the 1 transitions and remain highest on the trailing clock edge of the previous bit and 0 transitions or remains low on the trailing clock edge of the previous bit, or may be just the opposite. This allows for long series without change, which makes synchronization difficult. There is only the solutions are to not send the bytes or data without uses of transitions. The fig show a line represents the physical zero under the biased logical zero shows the less usually case of 1 being a higher voltage level. Non Return-to-Zero Space: One is represents by no change in physical level.0 is represents by the change in physical stage. In clock language the level transitions on the trailing clock peak point of previous bit to represent 0. That change on zero is used by High Level Data Link and USB. They avoid long intervals of time of no transition whether there may be, when the data contains long sequence of 1 bit by using zero bit insertion. HDLC transmitters insert a zero bit after five contiguous one bits except when transmitting the frame. USB transmitters insert a zero bit after six continuously 1 bits. The receiver at the far end use the each transition both from zero bits in the data and these extra 0 bits for maintain clock synchronize. The receiver rather than ignore these non zero bits. Non-Return-to-Zero Inverted (NRZI) NRZI-transition occurs for a zero Non return to zero, inverted is technique of detect a binary to a analog signal for transmission over some transmitter medium. There are 2 level NRZI signal has a transition at a clock boundary if there is the bit being sent is a logical one and doesnt having a transition if the bit being transmit is a logical zero. 1 is represented by a transition of the physical level. 0 has no transition. Also the NRZI may be take the opposite convention in Universal Serial Bus signalling, when in the Mode one transition when signalling zero and steady level when signalling one. The transition occurs upon the leading edge of the clock for the given bit. This distinguishes NRZI from NRZ mark. Even thoughr, even NRZI can have long series of zeros (ones if transitioning on o), so clock recovery can be difficult unless some form of run length limited coding is used on top. Magnetic disk and tape generally uses fixed rate RLL codes while USB uses bit stuffing, which is more efficient, but results in a variable data rate it takes lower levelto send a long string of 1 bits over USB than it does to send a long string of 0 bits. Return-to-zero The binary signal is encoded using rectangular pulse amplitude modulation with polar return-to-zero code Return-to-zero (RZ) describes a line code used in telecommunications signals in which the signal drops (returns) to zero between each pulse. Returns to zero modulation formats are becoming increasingly popular for long-haul optical fiber transmission systems at bit rates of 10 Gb/s and above. Previously, the benefits of RZ formats were often overlooked, because they require larger bandwidth than non-return-to-zero (NRZ) formats, and their generation typically requires two cascaded Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulators. In recent years, it has been shown that RZ can have superior performance over NRZ in certain regimes where chromatic dispersion and fiber nonlinearities are present [2]-[4], as the RZ pulse may exhibit soliton-like properties. In addition, RZ has greater tolerance to polarization-mode dispersion than NRZ Recent research has compared the performance of RZ with different modulation techniques, including binary ON-OFF keying (OOK) and binary differential phase-shift keying (2-DPSK ) RZ pulses are frequently generated by driving an MZ modulator by a sinusoidal drive waveform; we assume throughout this paper that RZ pulses are generated in this manner. We define the pulse duty cycle as TFWHM/TS, where TFWHM is the pulsewidth (full-width at half-maximum intensity), and TS is the symbol duration. Depending on the drive waveform amplitude and bias, RZ pulses can have duty cycles of 33%, 50%, and 67%. In particular, 67% RZ is often referred to as carrier-suppressed RZ (CSRZ). Biphase mark code: The biphase mark code is a type of encoding format for binary data streams. When a binary data stream is sent without modification via a channel, there can be long series of logical ones or zeros without any transitions which makes clock recovery and synchronization difficult. Streams encoded in NRZ are affected by the same problem. Using biphase mark code makes synchronization easier by ensuring that there is at least one transition on the channel between every data bit; in this way it behaves much like the Manchester code scheme. Every bit of the original data is represented as two logical states which, together, form a bit. Every logical 1 in the input is represented as two different bits (10 or 01) in the output. The input logical 0 is represented as two equal bits (00 or 11) in the output. Every logical level at the start of a cell is inversion of the level at the end of the previous cell. In BMC output the logical 1 and 0 are represented with the same voltage amplitude but opposite polarities, as shown in the following image: These coding provides a better results there is a change in the polarity at the minimum every two bits. That is not need to know the polarity of the sent signal since the information is not kept in the actual values of the voltage but in their change: in other words it does not matter whether a logical 1 or 0 is received.At last BMC code signal has 0 average DC voltage, therefore decreasing the necessary sending power and also reduces the electromagnetic disturbance generated by the transmission line. All these + aspects are achieved at the expense of doubling clock frequency. Manchester encoding: Manchester encoding offers distinct advantages over other digital encoding schemes. It has become a popular standard for low-cost radio frequency communication of digital data. In reality, Manchester encoding was the result of research done at the University of Manchester into phase modulation techniques used for reading and writing digital data onto a magnetic storage device. Since that time, Manchester encoding has gained wide acceptance as the modulation scheme for low-cost radio-frequency transmission of digital data. One of the most significant characteristics of Manchester encoding is its unique way of representing digital data. Rather than representing data Construction of Manchester-encoded data: Manchester encoding is very easy to construct. You simply combine the serial bits to be encoded with the clock running at the bit-boundary rate When you compare the Manchester-encoded output with the bit stream, youll see the same waveform. Decoding Manchester-encoded Data Decoding Manchester-encoded data is as easy as encoding it. You simply perform an exclusive-OR of the Manchester encoded signal with a logical 1 at the bit-boundary sample points, as shown in Fig. Differential Manchester encoding: A more esoteric version of Manchester encoding is a scheme called Differential Manchester encoding (DME). Think of it as Manchester encoding on steroids. DME is a more efficient encoding scheme because it requires less bandwidth than standard Manchester encoding. The overhead of transmitting a data stream using DME is less because it doesnt require a preamble, which is used by the DPLL to lock onto the clock frequency. Because of this, DME can be found in networks, such as fast Ethernet over copper twisted-pair wiring. DME differs from standard Manchester encoding in one simple way: Manchester encoding represents binary data based on a positive or negative edge transition at each bit boundary. DME represents data by the presence or absence of a transition between two bit boundaries. Simply stated, if a transition occurs between a bit boundary, its represented as a binary 0. An absence of a transition signifies a binary 1. As a complement to this reintroduction to the basics of Manche ster encoding for lowbit serial network applications, a second article is available online at Embedded.com. The article will leverage from the theory presented here and offer a practical, real-world example that illustrates the simplicity of implementing Manchester encoding into a real embedded design. AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) encode format : AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) is a synchronous clock encoding technique which uses bipolar pulses to represent logical 1 values. It is therefore a three level system. A logical 0 is represented by no symbol, and a logical 1 by pulses of alternating polarity. The alternating coding prevents the build-up of a d.c. voltage level down the cable. This is considered an advantage since the cable may be used to carry a small d.c. current to power intermediate equipment such as line repeaters. AMI coding was used extensively in first generation PCM networks, but suffers the drawback that a long run of 0s produces no transitions in the data stream (and therefore does not contain sufficient transitions to guarantee lock of a DPLL). Successful transmission therefore relies on the user not wishing to send long runs of 0s and this type of encoding is not therefore transparent to the sequence of bits being sent. The HDB3 encoding scheme is one of many which have been developed to provide regular transitions irrespective of the pattern of data being carried. Example of AMI encoding The pattern of bits 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 encodes to + 0 0 0 0 + (the corresponding encoding using HDB3 is + 0 0 0 + + ). High Density Bipolar Order 3 Encoding: The HDB3 code is a bipolar signaling technique (i.e. relies on the transmission of both positive and negative pulses). It is based on Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI), but extends this by inserting violation codes whenever there is a run of 4 or more 0s. This and similar (more complex) codes have replaced AMI in modern distribution networks. Conclusion: The Digital signal formats are the techniques by which we uses the digital data in different formats for uses of different purposes. It is mostly used as wide applications in communication fields. Although digital representations are discrete, the information represented can be either discrete, such as numbers, letters or icons, or continuous, such as sounds, images, and other measurements of continuous systems by using these different encoding or digital formats techniques. Refrences: website links: http://www.docstoc.com/doccash/signup/?doc_id=2507650 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/encoding_format_(digital) http://pdfdatabase.com/index.php?q=signal+formats+in+digitalfiletype=2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-return-to-zero http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_encoding http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-05/ftp/i_5cod/sld006.htm http://www.tpub.com/neets/tm/112-2.htm http://www.osun.org/alternate+mark+inversion+encoding-doc.html Books: Computer Networks and data communication by Frauzan. Computer networks by J.s katre (tech-max publisher) Signals and system by Sanjay Sharma.

The Medias Influence on Eating Disorders Essay -- Essays Papers

The Media's Influence on Eating Disorders The National Eating Disorders Association states that eating disorders are conditions that arise from factors including physical, psychological, interpersonal, and social issues. Media images help define cultural definitions of beauty and attractiveness and are often acknowledged as one of the factors that contribute to the rise of eating disorders (NEDA). The National Eating Disorders Associations website, "The Effect of the Media on Body Satisfaction in Adolescent Girls", "The Media's Influence on Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders", and "Dieting Behaviors, Weight Perceptions, and Life Satisfaction Among Public High School Adolescents" are all articles that evaluate how the media may cause adolescent girls to develop eating disorders. In order to understand how the media?s portrayal of body image has an influence on adolescent girls developing eating disorders one must understand the attitudes young girls have about their body images, the emphasis on female thinness de picted in magazines and on television, and the way young women are influenced by the media. Body dissatisfaction has become the norm for female adolescents in America (Valois et al. 271). Body dissatisfaction is a result of the difference between the ideal self versus the perceived self (Champion and Furnham 214). Thompson and Heinberg found that girls who watch 8 hours or more of TV in a week will have greater body image dissatisfaction than girls who watch less than 8 hours of TV per week (342). This shows how girls who are exposed to television will develop negative feelings towards their body?s image. Negative feelings towards body image can often lead one to try various ways to lose weight. ... ...the media, it could reduce body dissatisfaction, and as a result it would decrease potential eating disorders (?NEDA?). Works Cited Champion, Helen, and Adrian Furnham. ?The Effect of the Media on Body Satisfaction in Adolescent Girls.? European Eating Disorders Review 7.3 (1999): 213-228. National Eating Disorders Association. 2002. 5 Apr. 2005 <http:// www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=337>. Thompson, Kevin J., and Leslie J. Heinberg. ?The Media?s Influence on Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders: We?ve Reviled Them, Now Can We Rehabilitate Them?? Journal of Social Issues 55.2 (1999): 339-353. Valois, Robert F., Keith J. Zullig, E. Scott Huebner, and J. Wanzer Drane. ?Dieting Behaviors, Weight Perceptions, and Life Satisfaction Among Public High School Adolescents.? Eating Disorders 11.4 (2003): 271-288.

Coping With Computers :: essays research papers

Coping With Computers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the twentieth century has proven to be a technological revolution, there has not been a single development with as much impact on our day to day lives than that of the computer. For many, the development of the modern computer has provided more widespread business opportunities, greater production efficiency, and greater convenience at both work and home than any other innovation has provided us with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the degrees earned today did not exist twenty years ago. Many of the computer sciences degrees are based on technologies that were not even developed not so long ago. The resulting situation is a work force that has been caught with their ‘pants down.' For many of the senior members of this workforce, they are at a disadvantage when it comes to competing with newer college graduates in today's computer world. This article deals with the feelings of one particular person in this position.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Linda Ellerbee, a journalist and author owns a television production company. She also has her own column in Windows magazine. Her experiences with modern computer technologies range from the terminals of the 1970's all the through today with the Internet and e-mail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of her first experiences with a computer involved sending a message over the AP news wire. As it turns out, she expressed her candid opinion on some very sensitive topics at the time, including but not limited to the Vietnam War. Consequently, the AP was not amused with the message and she was fired. At the time, this incident was popular enough to make it into Newsweek magazine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later on, she moved into television as a reporter, but now owns her own production company, Lucky Duck Productions. Here, she realized that computers act as the driving force in a technologically based industry. She also realized that the younger generations are certainly more comfortable and at home with personal computers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While running her production company, she tells of her experience with her favorite ‘ghost employee.' In her efforts to find a system administrator, she was referred to Columbia University's Center for Telecommunication Research. There, she negotiated a salary via e-mail, and whenever a system needs to be set up the ghost does it over the Internet. Of course, the bill is sent with e-mail as well. As of yet, she still has never seen the system administrator.

Flawed Criminal Justice System in the United States

The Criminal Justice System of the country is under scrutiny as many researchers believe the inadequacy of the system to punish law offenders. Ideally, the justice system is there to defend society from its own people who violate specific laws that govern social order and peace.But it has been criticized for much other reason. One of which is that the criminal justice system is integrally corrupt and flawed.One major flaw of the criminal justice system in the country is that it demands a category of financial capability, or else you can get out of jail. It is very easy to get out of your term in jail. If one can afford the bail, then less time in prison will be charged. The more money one has, the less time he or she has to stay in prison to avail of the crime he committed. Such is the case of many prominent and influential families in the country.But judging from statistics, many people convicted with crimes are more or less poor to afford the standardized bail in the justice courts . Judge who process the hearings are also a major factor in determining how much would one criminal pay to get out of jail, and if one person is lucky, the judge may sympathized with his/her situation in terms of his/her finances, and bail conditions are much less than the average. This is one of the major flaws in the criminal justice system, money matters.â€Å"You can get a person out of the ghetto, but you can not remove the ghetto out of him†. The aphorism mentions how much the environment one person lives affects his behaviour towards society and the people. Another problem criticized in the criminal justice system is the increasing recidivism rate of prisoners in the country. This explains former criminals not just going to jail once, but gets arrested for either the same crime or a new one.The question that remains is whether the criminals are punished enough for the crimes committed, becomes reality persists that criminals return to prison after some time. As cited i n Scott (2004) study, about 1500 men in the Chicago metropolitan alone returns to their communities each month.The ineffectiveness of the criminal justice system to rehabilitate the ex-convicts into leading a more productive and moral life is being questioned. There are about 44 percent of ex-prisoners rearrested after being released from prison and that says how much inadequate the penalties for law offenders in the country.There are many factors contributing to the rising number of criminals every year, majority of which due to the influence brought about by drugs and the selling and retailing of drugs.As mentioned by Henslin, there is the prevailing â€Å"medicalization of human problems† caused by several â€Å"mood elevators† such as alcohol, drugs, nicotine and marijuana. Using these drugs has serious effects on the user, and thus actions are affected primarily with each use. From the use of different drugs arise many other consequences that contribute to the ala rming rate of criminal acts in the country.Henslin suggested that in order to â€Å"rehabilitate† these offenders with such influence from drugs, the society must entail the conscious effort to restrict the influence of the drugs and evoke a sense of acceptance without any punishment or even treatment of punishment to criminals. In the sense, what he is implying is that society must not react with such incidents with harsh punishments, otherwise, offenders will not learn.But the rule of law applies to every individual and the state must protect each citizen for each account of violation, if the suggested action is more participatory and society-oriented, that is permitted given that punishment is also given to offenders.The system only dictates its role as the primary body which governs all action against criminal offenders, but there also arise the role of the communities and other people involve modifying the system and putting a human touch in the rehabilitation process of the offender.Yes, the suggestion is definitive of what the system needs in terms of more action from the society and how society shall respond, but the law must still be applied because it is the only way to govern peace and order in the society.As mentioned, many researchers have proposed a more socially-oriented way to improve the justice system in the country. Human intervention between rehabilitation groups must exist to support the need for self rehabilitation of offenders. In such suggestions, it also implies the society to immediately relieve all influences in the media, society and community of possible sources of influence such as alcohol commercial and advertisements.That will be very effective if the people in communities themselves adopt the role in which they will take part in rehabilitating these offenders. There must be support groups which aim to assist the offenders in a more righteous path. The criminal justice system must think of more innovative ways to relive t he system of increasing recidivism of offenders.Social policy also contributes to the problems in the criminal justice system. The justice system is concerned with major drug use, but as the readings entails, from a medical standpoint, all drugs are considered harmful when taken in excess. The society and the justice system must specify the definition of these terms in order to devise a more distinct approach in solving the problem with drugs.Another approach taken into consideration in remedy of the flawed criminal justice system is the â€Å"get-tough policy†. This is in contrast with the approach presented earlier that involves the society and the community in rehabilitating offenders. The get-tough policy entails a more rigorous and strict pursuit of offenders in the society. More harsh punishments that will evoke a sense of restriction to anybody who attempts to do harm.There is nothing wrong with the policy because there is the sense of responsibility given by the autho rity and the state in protecting the welfare of the people. But somehow, it questions that extent of this policy in terms of human rights.Or how harsh is the state going to be in punishing offenders? These questions are answered with the right attitude and concise definition of the policies that will be implemented under the rule of law.

Trade Tariffs on China

Name:Â   Trade tariffs on china Source of article: The NEWYORK TIMES Publication date: 11th April 2018 A threat emerged from state house that president Donald trump would impose tariffs on imports from china in the months to come. The threat sparked mixed reactions across the economic circles; one faction saying that the laws would boost the countries negotiation power over the Chinese government as another says that the laws were detrimental to the economy and they were made in a rush for the purpose of threatening the Chinese government. Drawing conclusions from the effect of tariff imposition on steel and aluminum from china that was passed into law last year; that the economy has come down by 0.1 percentage points, the economists against the idea think they have a case to prove. Still, the tariff threat has been upheld despite the economic tantrums. Tariffs are meant to limit imports and create market for locally products but the adverse effect from this will result in prices going a little higher for business men that vend Chinese goods and ultimately the consumer will feel the pinch. If the tariffs are maintained over the years the living standards among the American people will go down. Skeptics have said that the tariffs have been designed to scare china but not raise the economic standards of American or the nation. Arrays of economists suggest that free trade be enacted for realization of economic growth.I agree with the faction that is against the increase of tariffs on Chinese imports as the results over time would be devastating. What is the need of imposing tariffs if they neither boost nor increase economic efficiency? Instead of pulling out of the Trans pacific partnership then using the tariff threat; the government would have considered rallying other countries behind it against china. A pact with other countries would have cowed the Chinese authorities. Reason behind this threat is that the Americas deficit in goods to china is worth $370 billion. I suggest the threat be dropped.Protectionism is the economic policy that revolves around tariffs. This policy suggests that countries should impose high tax on import if they want their local companies to thrive. In its dynamics, proponents suggested that the laws, taxes and quotas be formulated but they also stated that this will be killing competition and the end consumer will feel the pinch as the prices of the basic commodities will go up significantly over the years. Reference New york times websitehttps://mobile.nytimes.com/2018/04/11/business

City Life

As a child growing up in a rural environment, that was the only life I knew and thought it was the best. Adulthood brings into focus maturity. I moved into the city, and came to the realization that I had to adjust to a different way of living, another transition of my life. I was very overwhelmed by hustle and all the excitement of the life that surrounded me. For this reason rural life and city life can be compared and contrasted in regards to cost, standard of living, accessibility and entertainment. Living in a rural environment gives one the sense of a community. Everyone becomes your family sharing concerns for each other, Neighbors can look out for each other and care for your property, less concerns among people for each other exist when living in the city, but as a result of busy schedules and time constraint it is understandable. The most noticeable difference between city life and rural life is cost. Living in the city is very expensive due to a higher demand of goods and services due to demographics in population. The basic necessities of life for example housing (rent or own) food consumption, utility bills, and to maintain that social standard can be overbearing, but there are better educational opportunities and wider range of professional government jobs and higher pay. Living in a rural area, the standard of living is inexpensive, there is a smaller population growth and the demand for goods and services is on a much smaller scale. In contrasting rural and city life, accessibility to services in the city is very easy. Taxicabs are readily available to take you to your destination of choice. Hospitals and emergency services are also readily available. In the rural areas, taxi cab service is not as prompt, often you have to wait for hours for a cab, or the journey to a hospital and access to other medical service will take a much longer time due to poor road conditions. Entertainment forms a part of everyday living and there is so much to do in the city. There are fancy shopping areas; fabulous restaurants for dining, movies, clubs, amusement parks for kids and other places of interest are in close proximity. In rural areas there is not much entertainment, often people stay home most of the time, less live entertainment and the life is much more serene. People in the rural areas grow most of their own crops and have home-cooked meals. Amusement parks are rare in the rural areas and kids in play in their backyard. Whatever we do and say people’s personality will make them decide on a favorable option that satisfies their needs. This is the individual choice; some people will choose to reside in the city because they like the easy access to services and entertainment, while others will reside in the rural areas because it is more affordable and peaceful. As for me I love the city life, I can’t imagine a better life anywhere.

Managing Customer Perceptions of the Business Environment

Per Bendapudi and Berry, the environmental influences consumer behavior but does not influence consumers’ trust. Organizations have to research extent of how their marketing environment creates customers’ perceived behavior and also how individual factors of given environment add to that perception. While many other researchers and authors suggest that functional behavior requires perception of trust, authors of this article are suggesting that this may not be obsolete condition. Some organizational environments are more likely to result in dysfunctional or functional behaviors as a result of larger customer perception of dependency. If customer is perceiving dependence in continuity, competitive advantage is than probably gained through managing customer perceptions of the organizational environment to reduce perceptions of high dependency. This may then reduce the negative impact arising from dependence based dysfunctional behaviors. If customers exhibit functional behaviors when they perceive themselves to have a low dependency upon a service organization then the findings suggest practical steps that those organizations can take to influence customer perceptions of the business environment (Hilton&Jones, 2010). Analysis Hilton and Jones wrote this article because of the fact that customer perceptions of the organizational environment and its influence on customer behavior is an area that is not researched enough. Customer behavior is a concept of a response to perceptions of organizational environment and they are categorized as functional or dysfunctional behavior based on potential impact on the firm. Authors are arguing that some organizational environments are more likely to result in functional or dysfunctional customer behavior. Per Hilton and Jones, that is result of greater perceived dependency, irrespective of whether customers trust their service providers, or business partners. There are numerous findings that consumer imagery extends beyond perceived price and company image to the business environment. Businesses that enjoy favorable image generally find that their products are accepted more readily than those from businesses that have less favorable or even neutral image in customers’ perception. This study focuses on the environmental antecedents of dependence. If a characteristic of the business environment is that it generates customer dependence upon a business partner then it is important for organizations to understand which aspects of their business environment contribute towards the perception of dependence (Hilton&Jones, 2010). Consumers’ selections of stimuli from the environment are based on interactions of their expectations and motives with the stimulus itself. People usually perceive things they need or want, and block the perception of unnecessary, unfavorable, or painful stimuli. This study was designed to identify, compare and contrast the experiences of commercial and private clients to determine whether the environmental variables identified by Bendapudi and Berry were applicable to the legal service context and, if so, were they also relevant to individual consumers as well as business customers. It is more difficult for consumers to evaluate the quality of services than the quality of products because of certain distinctive characteristics of services (in this case legal service provided by a law firm). Legal services are intangible, variable and perishable. Customers are usually not capable of comparing services side-by-side. Therefore other significant factors play role in shaping perception and dependence such as quality of office, room furnishing, number of framed degrees and rewards on the wall, pleasantness of the receptionist, all contribute to the evaluation of the organization that provides legal services. Result of the study finds that commercial clients think that their organizations live in turbulent times where outcomes are uncertain but also where decisions, actions and opportunities are time-dependent. In contrast, private clients do not appear to perceive the legal services environment as dynamic. They suggest that legal matters take a long time, often longer than they expect. These findings cannot be taken for granted. Actual quantity of services can vary from day to day, from service employee to service employee and from customer to customer or case to case. When marketers try to standardize their services in order to provide consistency of quality, downside is the loss of customized services, which many consumers value. Major issue with legal services is that they are first sold and then produced and consumed simultaneously. An inferior legal service is consumed as it is being produced. There is little opportunity to correct it, negative impression caused by legal services representative is difficult to correct. Consumer evaluation of service quality is usually reflection of magnitude and direction of the gap between the customer’s expectations and customer’s assessment (perception) of service quality. That perception of service quality includes segments of the business environment and built up dependence. We can see completely different research results between commercial and private customers. This is happening because the expectations of a given service vary widely among different consumers of that same legal service. These expectations stem from word-of-mouth, their past experiences, the promises made about the service in ads and by legal services representatives, available alternatives, and other behavioral factors. In individual customers respond I see significantly increased likelihood of lower perceived service quality due to raised customer’s expectations. Legal services environment serves to influence perceived quality of services and decisions of consumers. Conclusion Consumer motivation is a highly dynamic construct that is constantly changing in reaction to life experiences. Needs and goals change and grow in response to individual physical condition, environment, interaction with others, and experiences. As individuals attain their goals, they develop new ones. Many needs are never fully satisfied, they continually impel actions designed to attain or maintain satisfaction. And also, people who achieve their goals set new and higher goals for themselves. Expectations of success or failure in reaching certain goals often influence the nature and persistence of individual's behavior. Expectations are often based on past experience. Effects of success and failure on goal selection have influence on the marketer. Goal should be reasonable. Advertisement should not promise more than product will deliver. Even solid product will not be approached if it fails to live up to expectations. Law firms’ aggressive advertising is in fact creating dependency. Some of the consumers are attracted by word-of-mouth legal services’ positive (or negative) image created in media and based on their results in previous cases.

Britain of evacuation in World War Two Essay Example for Free

Britain of evacuation in World War Two Essay During the course of World War Two, many people were evacuated, not just children. There were many differing reactions to evacuation. The reaction would depend on the experience you had. Reactions would also change over time during the war and even after the war had finished. One set of people affected by Evacuation was the Children. Many children did not know where they were going and therefore experienced feelings of fear and anger. The children disliked being separated from their parents but put on brave faces so not worry their families. When the children arrived at their destination, they were taken to school halls of town meeting places where the were chosen by their â€Å"foster† families, which they disliked because often they were split from their sisters and brothers. If they had negative attitudes, they very often did not settle quickly like those who had positive attitudes and would see their stay as a holiday. If an evacuee had a positive experience, they would have pleasant memories of being treated as one of the family. Evacuation was described as â€Å"no better than a ‘paedophile’s charter’ † as it would have been easier to abuse children away from home. However, in a study of 450 ex-evacuees, only 12% of them had bad experiences. Michael Caine remembers being evacuated with his brother Clarence. He said † My brother used to went the bed when he was nervous. My foster mother could not figure out who it was so she beat both of us, and Clarence became more nervous and wet the bed more. † However, not all experiences were bad. On ex-evacuees remembers being given clothes when he was evacuated. A child’s reaction to evacuation would depend on their experiences while in care. Another set of people who were affected by evacuation was the children’s parents. Most parents were reluctant to send their children away but agreed because of propaganda. Not all parents sent their children away though. Some parents thought that their children were safe in their family home. However, most parents brought their children home due to the ‘phoney ‘ war. But the children were evacuated again when the Blitz happened, although the scale of evacuation was not as large as the first wave in September 1939. Thanks to the Blitz, many parents changed their opinions on evacuation, now agreeing that it was probably best for their children. Britain of evacuation in World War Two. (2017, Oct 11).

Answer the questions below Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer the questions below - Assignment Example If there is genetic diversity in the colony, the work will be made easy since we can get some honeybees adapted for various functions. Hence, the productivity will increase, as well as economic benefits of this colony. Relating this idea to the overall idea of the book, we need diverse talents to construe a nations economic benefits. Even during the war, for a nations troop to do well, we cannot war be an individuals work. Theres need for various people with various talents that will work together to win the war. In as much as theres need for good fighters in the troop, there is an equal need for good planners, commanders, cooks, information gatherers, weather specialists, logisticians and support staff to work together to win the war. To my interpretation, we need one another in everything that we do. One cannot consider himself to be good in a particular field without the help of the others. We, therefore, need to involve a diversity of talents in managing change that will spur our economic growth. Therefore, all our success should be dedicated to other people who worked together with us to ensure we achieved the success. When we go alone, we tend to tire so fast that failure results. Zhao, in his writings, consider the use of comparison to putting emphasis on ideas and make them clear for his readers. He drives his points home very easily just by the use of comparisons. For instance, when he compared the genetic diversity of the honeybees with the required talent diversity in a war troop, it becomes very easy for his readers to understand the concept just by making the

Report on BlueScope Steel Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On BlueScope Steel - Lab Report Example The most important growth element in BlueScope Steel is evident in its major restructuring plan covering Australian operations, which seeks to reposition the company for increased profitability and as well as growth. The Board approved the restructuring plan and as such, it will contribute to major changes in the operations of the firm that include shutting down the No. 6 Blast Furnace at the Port Kembla, closure of No.4 Cokemaking battery, No. 3 BOS steelmaking furnace and No.1 slab caster as well as closure of the Western Port Hot Strip Mill. Mergers and acquisitions are considered the best corporate strategy for BlueScope Steel owing to a wide range of positive attributes associated with it. With mergers or acquisitions, the company will certainly avoid the hustles associated with joint ventures or funding a subsidiary. The company has managed to expand a number of its operations owing to acquisitions. Key among the acquisitions made by BlueScope over the previous financial years include IMSA Steel Corp, a steel products manufacturing company, from Ternium SA subsidiary of San Faustin NV's Grupo Techint unit as well as Smorgon Steel Group Ltd (SS) steel and metal marketing division. Member 3 WANG, YING 2766757 To a steel-making company such as BlueScope, the value for its business comes from the steel and iron production, which is the most important valuation measurement. Besides the workforce, the steel industry is labor-intensive business. Then, the equipment and devices are also the value for this kind of industry. To increase the enterprise value, there are three major missions, namely reinvigorating their domestic business, including Australia and New Zealand; expanding and improving Asian and North American market; and continuing to grow sunrise business to make BlueScope Steel a unique steel production enterprise (2010/2011 Annual Report 2012). Coated and Industrial Products and Pacific Steel Products have significantly helped the company earn much mo re profit than before, in Australia and New Zealand, respectively (BlueScope Steel Limited Products2012). Because for the domestic market raw materials can be mined in Australia, the transportation expenses can be saved and steel marketing industry is the mainstay industry to countries in Oceania. Therefore, the growth project for steel making in these two years was very strong (IBIS World 2012). In addition, this program makes raw materials a very important role of producing iron for steel-making companies. As everybody knows, Australia is the origin of iron and its economy based on the export of the raw materials and iron. Australia gained a huge amount of capital during these four to five years (2010/2011 Annual Report 2012). Moreover, Australia was just affected slightly by economic crisis. According to this advantage, steel and iron production increased rapidly in Asian countries, and BlueScope Steel seized this opportunity. They take the advantage of Australia's natural resour ces, transfer them to the capital, and make the steel industry to be one of the top three pillar industries both in Australia and in New Zealand. The hot strip mill and the plate mill have been identified as the most two profitable products.However, this only depends on the market demand. For instance, if the market is in a positive situation, the steel price is high and market demand is optimistic, hence the production level will be maintained and the profit will be guaranteed at the same time. When it comes to the real

Dance Class Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dance Class - Article Example I remember that in the last letter that I sent to you, I had explained to you why you should not fear or hesitate to take a course in dancing. This time round, I want to share with you my concrete experiences in this course, so that you can be can be convinced that this course is indeed quite important. First of all, let me share with you the expectations that I had before taken this course, and how I have been able to realize my expectations after taking the course. One of the major expectations that I had before taken this course was that the course would enable me to know the history of dance and the important people who have had great influence in the history of dance. Through this course, I have really been able to realize this expectation. This is because we have studied extensively about the history of dance and the important personalities like Gus Giordano, Jack Cole, and Agnes DeMille, who have had the great impact in the world of dance, especially dance in the Jazz music. For this reason, therefore, I am now conversant with the history of dance. The second major expectation that I had when I started this course was that the course would enable me to know different dancing styles, both modern traditional styles. Through the training that we undergo in this course, I have be en able to realize this expectation. Although of course, I don’t claim to have become an expert in dancing overnight, I have learned different dancing styles in this course and I am able to dance to different types of music like Jazz songs.

New York City Mayor Dinkins, Giuliani, and Bloomberg Essay

New York City Mayor Dinkins, Giuliani, and Bloomberg - Essay Example b. Rodulf Guiliani – Rudy Guliani ran under the slogan of effective policing and ending crimes to restore the quality of life in New York. This slogan won him the Mayoralty of New York in 1990 with a narrow margin over David Dinkins who was perceived to have poor control over the criminalities in New York. Rudy was known to have significantly reduced crime and cleaned New York of its rogue elements. He was famous for implementing his â€Å"Broken Window† approach that any disorder in the city, however small, should be dealt with firmly (Sapir, 2009). Guiliani’s â€Å"broken windows† posits that by being firm against small crimes, it sends a message that serious crime will surely not be tolerated also and such, reduction of crimes will follow (The Vancouver Province, 2008). During Guiliani’s term as a mayor, the drop of crime rates in New York exceeded all national figures. Frank Zimring in his book The Great Crime Decline concluded that the drop in crime rate in New York was a result of serious policing of Guiliani’s administration (2006). Guiliani’s term ended in 2001, the same year of the infamous September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center. Being famous of how he handled the 9/11 crisis â€Å"he tried to overturn term limits so he could run again but was rebuffed† (Rudin, 2009). He instead endorsed Michael Bloomberg for the mayoralty race under the slogan of fighting crime as Guiliani reminding New Yorkers about â€Å"the fear of going out at night and walking the streets," and suggesting that if Bloomberg were to lose, "this city could very easily be taken back in a very different direction — it could very easily be taken back to the way it was with the wrong political leadership (Rudin, 2009)". Bloomberg won by a narrow margin. c. Michael Bloomberg – unlike Guiliani, Michael Bloomberg was able to run for a third term when he successfully passed a bill through the New York City Council in 2009 that removes term limits which in